Nokea
A 2400 mg sodium diet is prescribed for the patient with chronic heart failure. The nurse recognizes that additional teaching is necessary when the patient states
- A. I should limit my milk intake to 2 cups a day
- B. I can eat fresh fruits and vegetables without worrying about sodium levels
- C. I can eat most foods as long as I do not add salt when cooking or at the table
- D. I need to read the labels on prepared foods and medicines for their sodium content
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: All foods that are high in sodium should be eliminated in a 2400 mg sodium diet, in addition to the elimination of salt during cooking.
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If Mr. Jones has a demand pacemaker implanted, the nurse instructs Mr. Jones that he should notify the physician if he experiences
- A. A change in pulse rate of three beats per minute
- B. A sudden slowing or increasing of pulse
- C. An irregular pulse rate
- D. Exposure to an electric razor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Irregular pulse indicates potential pacemaker malfunction.
Which test measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs?
- A. Spirometry
- B. Peak flow meter
- C. Lung volume test
- D. Arterial blood gas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Spirometry is the correct answer because it measures the volume of air exhaled in a specific time frame, assessing lung function and capacity. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD. Peak flow meter measures only the maximum speed of exhalation, not volume. Lung volume test measures the total lung capacity, not the speed of air movement. Arterial blood gas measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not lung function.
Explain the different modes of ventilator.
- A. Controlled mechanical ventilation
- B. Assist-control mode
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Modes vary depending on the degree of support required by the patient.
Which term conceptualizes that the greater the myocardial fiber stretch, within physiologic limits, the more forceful the ventricular contraction, thereby increasing stroke volume?
- A. Frank-Starling's Law
- B. Automaticity
- C. Contractility
- D. Excitability
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Frank-Starling's Law. This law states that within physiologic limits, the greater the myocardial fiber stretch, the more forceful the ventricular contraction, leading to increased stroke volume. This is because increased fiber stretch results in optimal overlap of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres, enhancing contractile force.
Summary:
B: Automaticity refers to the ability of cardiac cells to spontaneously generate electrical impulses.
C: Contractility is the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to generate force.
D: Excitability refers to the ability of cardiac cells to respond to electrical stimuli.
The nurse is teaching a client about the side effects of beta blockers. What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypotension. Beta blockers can cause a decrease in blood pressure, leading to hypotension. Monitoring for hypotension is crucial as it can result in dizziness, fainting, or even shock. Bradycardia (choice B) is a common side effect but usually not as critical as hypotension. Hyperkalemia (choice C) is a potential side effect of some beta blockers but is less common and typically not as urgent as hypotension. Tachycardia (choice D) is the opposite of what beta blockers typically cause, making it an unlikely side effect to monitor for in this case.