Nokea
A 25-year-old nonsmoker who is normally in good health reports having a bad cough for the past 3 weeks. He has crackles and rhonchi, and shows the physician a small clear plastic container that has discolored, blood-tinged sputum that he produced this morning. What would the physician want to rule out?
- A. Lung cancer.
- B. The flu.
- C. Pneumonia.
- D. Asthma.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (Pneumonia). The symptoms described—persistent cough, crackles, rhonchi, and blood-tinged sputum—are indicative of pneumonia. Lung cancer (A) is less likely in a young nonsmoker. The flu (B) typically does not cause blood-tinged sputum. Asthma (D) does not usually present with these specific findings.
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Most of the Antibiotics against TB are not effective as the Tubercle bacterium has a resistive covering. One of the following drug is effectively used to control TB
- A. Ethambutol
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Rifampicin
- D. Penicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C: Rifampicin):
1. Rifampicin is a first-line antibiotic for TB treatment.
2. It works by inhibiting RNA synthesis in the TB bacteria.
3. TB bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to Rifampicin.
4. Its effectiveness in treating TB has been well-documented.
Summary of Why Other Choices Are Incorrect:
A: Ethambutol - Effective against TB but not the most commonly used drug like Rifampicin.
B: Streptomycin - Can be used in TB treatment but not as effective as Rifampicin.
D: Penicillin - Ineffective against TB as TB bacteria are resistant to Penicillin.
Which of the following structures protects the lower respiratory system from food and fluid bolus during swallowing?
- A. larynx.
- B. epiglottis.
- C. vestibule.
- D. pharynx.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and fluid from entering the lower respiratory system. This mechanism ensures that the airway remains clear and protects the lungs from aspiration. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The larynx is involved in sound production and air passage but does not specifically protect the lower respiratory system during swallowing.
C: The vestibule is the space within the nasal cavity but does not play a direct role in protecting the lower respiratory system during swallowing.
D: The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air but does not specifically prevent food and fluid bolus from entering the lower respiratory system during swallowing.
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
- A. oxygen
- B. carbon dioxide
- C. bicarbonate ion
- D. sodium ion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the most important chemical regulator of respiration as it directly affects the respiratory rate and depth. An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood triggers the body to increase respiration to expel the excess carbon dioxide. Conversely, a decrease in carbon dioxide levels signals the body to decrease respiration. Oxygen (choice A) is important for cellular respiration but does not directly regulate breathing. Bicarbonate ion (choice C) and sodium ion (choice D) do not play a direct role in regulating respiration.
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of a client and notes the following: pH 7.45, PCO2 30, HCO3 20. The nurse analyzes these results as indicating which condition?
- A. Metabolic acidosis, compensated
- B. Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated
- C. Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
- D. Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated. The pH is elevated (alkalosis) at 7.45. The low PCO2 of 30 indicates respiratory alkalosis. The HCO3 level of 20 is slightly below normal, indicating metabolic compensation. The body has compensated for the respiratory alkalosis by reducing the HCO3 level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the given ABG results. A (Metabolic acidosis, compensated) would have low pH and HCO3 levels. C (Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated) would have high pH and HCO3 levels. D (Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated) would have high PCO2 and low pH.
The nurse is aware that the characteristic of emphysema that gives rise to the "Pink Puffer" label is the emphysemic patient's:
- A. Dyspnea.
- B. Barrel chest.
- C. Thin body.
- D. Normal ABGs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Normal ABGs. In emphysema, the destruction of alveoli leads to impaired gas exchange, causing respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia. However, "Pink Puffers" maintain normal or slightly low CO2 levels (normal ABGs) due to persistent hyperventilation. This compensatory mechanism helps them maintain adequate oxygen levels despite damaged alveoli. Dyspnea (choice A) and barrel chest (choice B) are common in emphysema but do not specifically contribute to the "Pink Puffer" label. Thin body (choice C) is associated with another type of COPD, chronic bronchitis.