Nokea
Dead air is not involved in respiration because
- A. It is very low quantity
- B. It is trapped in nasal passage
- C. It contains less Oxygen
- D. It is present deep in the lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because dead air is the air present in the alveoli that does not participate in gas exchange. It is located deep in the lungs, beyond the respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. Dead air does not reach the alveoli to participate in respiration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the quantity of dead air or its oxygen content are not the primary reasons why it is not involved in respiration.
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The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
- A. oxygen
- B. carbon dioxide
- C. bicarbonate ion
- D. sodium ion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the most important chemical regulator of respiration as it directly affects the respiratory rate and depth. An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood triggers the body to increase respiration to expel the excess carbon dioxide. Conversely, a decrease in carbon dioxide levels signals the body to decrease respiration. Oxygen (choice A) is important for cellular respiration but does not directly regulate breathing. Bicarbonate ion (choice C) and sodium ion (choice D) do not play a direct role in regulating respiration.
Which of the following neurological controls of ventilation responds to changes in the pH and levels of oxygen and CO2 in the blood?
- A. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla
- B. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
- C. Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons
- D. Central chemoreceptors in the spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are highly sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels, influencing respiratory rate and depth. B is incorrect because peripheral chemoreceptors respond mainly to O2 levels. C refers to general respiratory control centers, not specific chemoreceptor function. D is incorrect as the spinal cord lacks central chemoreceptors.
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of a client and notes the following: pH 7.45, PCO2 30, HCO3 20. The nurse analyzes these results as indicating which condition?
- A. Metabolic acidosis, compensated
- B. Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated
- C. Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
- D. Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated. The pH is elevated (alkalosis) at 7.45. The low PCO2 of 30 indicates respiratory alkalosis. The HCO3 level of 20 is slightly below normal, indicating metabolic compensation. The body has compensated for the respiratory alkalosis by reducing the HCO3 level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the given ABG results. A (Metabolic acidosis, compensated) would have low pH and HCO3 levels. C (Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated) would have high pH and HCO3 levels. D (Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated) would have high PCO2 and low pH.
Which class of medications is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms and improve outcomes in heart failure?
- A. Antibiotics
- B. Antidepressants
- C. Beta-blockers
- D. Antihistamines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Beta-blockers. Beta-blockers are commonly prescribed in heart failure to manage symptoms and improve outcomes by reducing the heart's workload and improving its efficiency. They help lower blood pressure, decrease heart rate, and improve heart function. Antibiotics (A) are used to treat bacterial infections, not heart failure. Antidepressants (B) are used for mental health conditions, not heart failure. Antihistamines (D) are used to treat allergies, not heart failure.
A nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled to undergo a thoracentesis. Which intervention should the nurse complete prior to the procedure?
- A. Measure oxygen saturation before and after a 12-minute walk.
- B. Verify that the client understands all possible complications.
- C. Explain the procedure in detail to the client and the family.
- D. Validate that informed consent has been given by the client.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Validate that informed consent has been given by the client. This is crucial before any invasive procedure to ensure the client fully understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives. This protects the client's autonomy and promotes ethical practice.
Choice A is incorrect because measuring oxygen saturation before and after a 12-minute walk is not relevant to preparing for a thoracentesis.
Choice B is incorrect because while it is important for the client to understand possible complications, verifying this understanding is not the priority before the procedure.
Choice C is incorrect because explaining the procedure in detail to the client and family is important, but ensuring informed consent comes first to respect the client's autonomy.