Nokea
In human beings the number of lobes in right and left lungs is
- A. 2 and 3
- B. 2 and 2
- C. 3 and 2
- D. 4 and 2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3 and 2. The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower), while the left lung has 2 lobes (upper and lower). This is due to the presence of the heart on the left side, occupying space that limits the left lung to 2 lobes. Option A is incorrect as the left lung has only 2 lobes. Option B is incorrect as both lungs have different numbers of lobes. Option D is incorrect as the right lung typically has 3 lobes, not 4.
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What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the human body?
- A. Breakdown of carbohydrates
- B. Regulation of blood sugar levels
- C. Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
- D. Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by catalyzing the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is crucial in regulating pH levels in various bodily fluids.
A: Breakdown of carbohydrates - This is not the primary function of carbonic anhydrase. Carbohydrate breakdown is primarily carried out by enzymes like amylase and sucrase.
B: Regulation of blood sugar levels - Carbonic anhydrase does not play a direct role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon.
C: Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs - While carbonic anhydrase indirectly affects gas exchange by regulating blood pH, its primary function is not to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream
- A. because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood.
- B. mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells.
- C. by using the assistance of carbaminohemoglobin
- D. through active transport.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream by simple diffusion. This is due to the concentration gradient of oxygen being higher in the alveoli (where oxygen is inhaled) compared to the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen molecules move from an area of high concentration (alveoli) to an area of low concentration (bloodstream) to reach equilibrium. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the movement of oxygen in this context is primarily driven by passive diffusion, not by the activity of carbonic anhydrase, carbaminohemoglobin, or active transport.
A nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled to undergo a thoracentesis. Which intervention should the nurse complete prior to the procedure?
- A. Measure oxygen saturation before and after a 12-minute walk.
- B. Verify that the client understands all possible complications.
- C. Explain the procedure in detail to the client and the family.
- D. Validate that informed consent has been given by the client.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Validate that informed consent has been given by the client. This is crucial before any invasive procedure to ensure the client fully understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives. This protects the client's autonomy and promotes ethical practice.
Choice A is incorrect because measuring oxygen saturation before and after a 12-minute walk is not relevant to preparing for a thoracentesis.
Choice B is incorrect because while it is important for the client to understand possible complications, verifying this understanding is not the priority before the procedure.
Choice C is incorrect because explaining the procedure in detail to the client and family is important, but ensuring informed consent comes first to respect the client's autonomy.
Most of the Antibiotics against TB are not effective as the Tubercle bacterium has a resistive covering. One of the following drug is effectively used to control TB
- A. Ethambutol
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Rifampicin
- D. Penicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C: Rifampicin):
1. Rifampicin is a first-line antibiotic for TB treatment.
2. It works by inhibiting RNA synthesis in the TB bacteria.
3. TB bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to Rifampicin.
4. Its effectiveness in treating TB has been well-documented.
Summary of Why Other Choices Are Incorrect:
A: Ethambutol - Effective against TB but not the most commonly used drug like Rifampicin.
B: Streptomycin - Can be used in TB treatment but not as effective as Rifampicin.
D: Penicillin - Ineffective against TB as TB bacteria are resistant to Penicillin.
Type 2 alveolar cells are also called as___
- A. septal cells
- B. petal cells
- C. Surfactant
- D. respiratorycell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: septal cells. Type 2 alveolar cells are also known as septal cells because they are located in the alveolar septa. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting surfactant, a substance that helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing. Choice B, petal cells, is incorrect because there is no such term used to describe these cells. Choice C, Surfactant, is incorrect because surfactant is the substance produced by type 2 alveolar cells, not the name of the cells themselves. Choice D, respiratory cell, is incorrect because it is a vague term that does not specifically refer to type 2 alveolar cells.