Nokea
Type 2 alveolar cells are also called as___
- A. septal cells
- B. petal cells
- C. Surfactant
- D. respiratorycell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: septal cells. Type 2 alveolar cells are also known as septal cells because they are located in the alveolar septa. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting surfactant, a substance that helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing. Choice B, petal cells, is incorrect because there is no such term used to describe these cells. Choice C, Surfactant, is incorrect because surfactant is the substance produced by type 2 alveolar cells, not the name of the cells themselves. Choice D, respiratory cell, is incorrect because it is a vague term that does not specifically refer to type 2 alveolar cells.
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Which of the following neurological controls of ventilation responds to changes in the pH and levels of oxygen and CO2 in the blood?
- A. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla
- B. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
- C. Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons
- D. Central chemoreceptors in the spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are highly sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels, influencing respiratory rate and depth. B is incorrect because peripheral chemoreceptors respond mainly to O2 levels. C refers to general respiratory control centers, not specific chemoreceptor function. D is incorrect as the spinal cord lacks central chemoreceptors.
In human beings the number of lobes in right and left lungs is
- A. 2 and 3
- B. 2 and 2
- C. 3 and 2
- D. 4 and 2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3 and 2. The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower), while the left lung has 2 lobes (upper and lower). This is due to the presence of the heart on the left side, occupying space that limits the left lung to 2 lobes. Option A is incorrect as the left lung has only 2 lobes. Option B is incorrect as both lungs have different numbers of lobes. Option D is incorrect as the right lung typically has 3 lobes, not 4.
Volume of air left after maximum forceful expiration in human lung is
- A. Total lung capacity
- B. Residual volume
- C. Vital capacity
- D. Tidal volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Residual volume. After maximum forceful expiration, residual volume is the volume of air left in the lungs to prevent lung collapse. Total lung capacity (A) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. Vital capacity (C) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Tidal volume (D) is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal breathing, not after a forceful expiration.
Most oxygen in the blood is transported
- A. as gas dissolved in plasma
- B. as oxyhemoglobin
- C. as carboxyhemoglobin
- D. as bicarbonate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: as oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen is primarily carried in the blood by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. This allows for efficient transport of oxygen to tissues. Choice A is incorrect because only a small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Choice C is incorrect as carboxyhemoglobin refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin, not oxygen. Choice D is incorrect as the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, not oxygen.
A nurse is assessing a client who has a tracheostomy. The nurse notes that the tracheostomy tube is pulsing with the heartbeat as the client's pulse is being taken. No other abnormal findings are noted. What action by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Call the operating room to inform them of a pending emergency case.
- B. No action is needed at this time; this is a normal finding in some clients.
- C. Remove the tracheostomy tube; ventilate the client with a bag-valve-mask.
- D. Stay with the client and have someone else call the primary health care provider immediately.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D.
1. Pulsation of the tracheostomy tube with the heartbeat indicates a possible vascular anomaly or the tube being in contact with a major vessel.
2. Staying with the client ensures immediate monitoring and intervention if needed.
3. Having someone else call the primary health care provider promptly allows for timely assessment and intervention.
4. Options A, B, and C are incorrect. Option A is premature without assessing the client further. Option B is incorrect as pulsation is not a normal finding in tracheostomy tubes. Option C is unsafe and can lead to airway compromise.