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The patient with acute bronchitis asks if antibiotics will be ordered for the condition. Which response is best for the nurse to make?
- A. Antibiotics are the best treatment option.
- B. Antibiotics will not help a viral condition.
- C. Antibiotics will be given if the sputum culture indicates your bronchitis is caused by bacteria.
- D. Antibiotics will inhibit the inflammatory response of your body to the invasion of this infection.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- Answer C is correct because antibiotics should only be prescribed for bacterial infections, not viral ones like acute bronchitis.
- Step 1: Recognize acute bronchitis is commonly caused by viruses, not bacteria.
- Step 2: Understand that unnecessary antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic resistance.
- Step 3: Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when a bacterial infection is confirmed through sputum culture.
Summary:
- Answer A is incorrect as antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for acute bronchitis.
- Answer B is incorrect as it correctly states antibiotics do not treat viral conditions.
- Answer D is incorrect as antibiotics do not inhibit the body's inflammatory response but target bacterial growth.
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What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
- A. simple squamous epithelium
- B. simple columnar epithelium
- C. stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. This type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract because it contains cilia that help sweep mucus and debris out of the airways. It appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells with varying heights, giving it a pseudostratified appearance. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is too thin for the respiratory tract, simple columnar epithelium (choice B) lacks cilia for mucus clearance, and stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (choice C) is not a valid type of epithelium.
All of the following shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right EXCEPT
- A. Decreased pH
- B. Increased temperature
- C. Carbon monoxide
- D. Increased 2.3 DPG
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than oxygen, shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the left, not the right. Decreased pH, increased temperature, and increased 2,3 DPG all shift the curve to the right by decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This results in easier unloading of oxygen to tissues.
The nurse is caring for a patient with lung metastases who just underwent a mediastinotomy. What should be the focus of the nurse's postprocedure care?
- A. Assisting with pulmonary function testing (PFT)
- B. Maintaining the patient's chest tube
- C. Administering oral suction as needed
- D. Performing chest physiotherapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Maintaining the patient's chest tube. After a mediastinotomy, the focus of postprocedure care is to ensure proper drainage and prevent pneumothorax. Chest tube maintenance is crucial for monitoring drainage, preventing complications, and promoting lung expansion. Assisting with PFT (A) is not a priority immediately post mediastinotomy. Administering oral suction (C) can disrupt the chest tube and increase infection risk. Performing chest physiotherapy (D) may be indicated later but is not the immediate priority.
Most oxygen in the blood is transported
- A. as gas dissolved in plasma
- B. as oxyhemoglobin
- C. as carboxyhemoglobin
- D. as bicarbonate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: as oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen is primarily carried in the blood by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. This allows for efficient transport of oxygen to tissues. Choice A is incorrect because only a small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Choice C is incorrect as carboxyhemoglobin refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin, not oxygen. Choice D is incorrect as the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, not oxygen.
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the human body?
- A. Breakdown of carbohydrates
- B. Regulation of blood sugar levels
- C. Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
- D. Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by catalyzing the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is crucial in regulating pH levels in various bodily fluids.
A: Breakdown of carbohydrates - This is not the primary function of carbonic anhydrase. Carbohydrate breakdown is primarily carried out by enzymes like amylase and sucrase.
B: Regulation of blood sugar levels - Carbonic anhydrase does not play a direct role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon.
C: Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs - While carbonic anhydrase indirectly affects gas exchange by regulating blood pH, its primary function is not to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.