Nokea
A 28-year-old male Gulf War veteran tells the nurse he gets a headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, and nausea when his girlfriend wears perfume and when he was painting her apartment. He is afraid he has cancer. What does the nurse suspect may be the patient’s problem?
- A. He has posttraumatic stress disorder.
- B. He has multiple chemical sensitivities.
- C. He needs to wear a mask when he paints.
- D. He is looking for an excuse to break up with his girlfriend.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Multiple chemical sensitivities could explain the patient's symptoms triggered by exposure to various chemicals.
You may also like to solve these questions
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can be found
- A. In soluble form in the blood
- B. In the cytosol of cells
- C. On endosomal membranes
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that recognize specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens. They can be found in various locations within the body, including in soluble form in the blood (Choice A), in the cytosol of cells (Choice B), and on endosomal membranes (Choice C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above are correct," as PRRs can indeed be located in all of these locations. PRRs play a crucial role in the innate immune response by detecting and responding to pathogens, making their presence in multiple cellular compartments essential for effective immune surveillance and defense.
Which characteristic describes immunoglobulin E (select all that apply)?
- A. Assists in parasitic infections
- B. Responsible for allergic reactions
- C. Present on the lymphocyte surface
- D. Protects body surfaces and mucous membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IgE is involved in defense against parasites and is responsible for triggering allergic reactions by binding to mast cells and basophils.
During an adaptive immune response to a pathogen an important outcome of the clonal selection process is:
- A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response
- B. Elimination of lymphocytes that are not specific for the pathogen that activated the response
- C. An increase in the number of antigen receptor specificities expressed by each lymphocyte
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because during clonal selection, lymphocytes specific to the pathogen are activated, leading to their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells. This results in an increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen, enhancing the immune response.
Choice B is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve the elimination of non-specific lymphocytes but rather the expansion of specific lymphocytes.
Choice C is also incorrect because clonal selection does not change the antigen receptor specificities expressed by lymphocytes but instead focuses on expanding the population of lymphocytes with receptors specific to the pathogen.
Therefore, the correct outcome of clonal selection is the increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response, making choice A the most accurate option.
The clonal selection theory explains:
- A. That one given lymphocyte expresses multiple antigen receptors with different specificity
- B. That antigens influence the generation of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development
- C. How the immune response to an antigen increases the number of lymphocytes specific for that antigen
- D. The increase in blood neutrophils observed during bacterial infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Clonal selection theory states that specific lymphocytes are activated by antigens.
2. Upon activation, these lymphocytes proliferate to form a clone of cells specific to the antigen.
3. This increases the number of lymphocytes specific for the antigen.
4. Choice C correctly aligns with the essence of clonal selection theory.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Clonal selection theory does not involve a single lymphocyte expressing multiple antigen receptors.
B: Incorrect - Antigens do not influence the generation of antigen receptors, but rather activate specific lymphocytes.
D: Incorrect - Clonal selection theory focuses on lymphocyte response to antigens, not neutrophil increase during infections.
NOD2
- A. Is a cytosolic receptor for bacteria
- B. Is mutated in 30% of patients with Crohn's disease
- C. Activates NFκB
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. NOD2 is a cytosolic receptor for bacteria, detecting bacterial molecules.
2. Mutations in NOD2 are found in 30% of patients with Crohn's disease.
3. NOD2 activation triggers NFκB signaling pathway.
4. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, C) are correct, making option D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the correct statements about NOD2.