Microbiology Basic and Clinical Principles Test Bank

Microbiology Basic and Clinical Principles Test Bank Related

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A 38-year-old male complains of tonic tension of the masticatory muscles, so that he cannot open his mouth. 12 days before, he was bitten by an unknown dog. Objectively: there is pronounced tension and twitching of the masticatory muscles. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • A. Tetanus
  • B. Rabies
  • C. Hysteria
  • D. Trigeminal neuralgia
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetanus. The symptoms of tonic tension of the masticatory muscles following a dog bite are indicative of tetanus, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The incubation period of tetanus is usually 3-21 days, consistent with the patient's history of being bitten 12 days ago. Tetanus toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, leading to the inability to open the mouth. Rabies (B) presents with hydrophobia and neurological symptoms. Hysteria (C) is a psychological condition. Trigeminal neuralgia (D) is characterized by severe facial pain, not muscle stiffness.

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The most commonly acquired laboratory infections are caused by

  • A. bacteria.
  • B. viruses.
  • C. protozoans.
  • D. prions.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of laboratory-acquired infections due to their ability to survive and multiply in various environments. They can easily contaminate lab equipment and surfaces, leading to infections if proper precautions are not taken. Viruses (choice B) are less common in laboratory-acquired infections as they require specific conditions to survive outside a host. Protozoans (choice C) are larger and less likely to be transmitted in a laboratory setting. Prions (choice D) are misfolded proteins and are not considered living organisms, making them an unlikely source of laboratory infections.

Dengue virus is member of a family called

  • A. Hepadnaviridae
  • B. Parvoviridae
  • C. Flaviviridae
  • D. Picornaviridae
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flaviviridae. Dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family because it is a flavivirus. Flaviviruses are a group of RNA viruses known to cause diseases in humans, such as dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever. This family is characterized by its single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and enveloped virion structure. Hepadnaviridae (choice A), Parvoviridae (choice B), and Picornaviridae (choice D) are all different families of viruses that do not include the dengue virus. Hepadnaviridae includes hepatitis B virus, Parvoviridae includes parvoviruses, and Picornaviridae includes enteroviruses like poliovirus.

For infections caused by coronaviruses is NOT true that;

  • A. Most commonly associated with URT infections
  • B. May be asymptomatic
  • C. SARS is an atypical pneumonia that can be complicated with acute respiratory failure and can cause death
  • D. Reinfections cannot be observed
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer choice D is correct:
1. Coronaviruses can cause reinfections due to potential waning immunity.
2. Studies have shown cases of reinfections with different strains or within a short period.
3. This contradicts the notion that reinfections cannot be observed.
Summary:
A: Incorrect because some coronaviruses can cause lower respiratory tract infections.
B: Incorrect as coronaviruses can exhibit varied symptomatology including asymptomatic cases.
C: Incorrect as some coronaviruses like SARS can lead to severe pneumonia and complications.

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing cholera?

  • A. Shigella dysenteriae
  • B. Vibrio cholerae
  • C. Salmonella enterica
  • D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium that infects the small intestine, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. This bacterium produces a toxin that causes the symptoms of cholera.
A: Shigella dysenteriae causes dysentery, not cholera.
C: Salmonella enterica causes food poisoning, not cholera.
D: Escherichia coli can cause food poisoning but not cholera.

Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm?

  • A. protozoans
  • B. algae
  • C. helminths
  • D. fungi
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: protozoans. Pinworms are commonly referred to as Enterobius vermicularis, which are parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Nematoda. Protozoans are single-celled organisms, and pinworms are multicellular worms. Algae are photosynthetic organisms, helminths are parasitic worms (which pinworms fall under), and fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include molds and yeasts. Therefore, protozoans are the correct choice for organisms commonly referred to as pinworms.

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