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Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia.
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause a type of pneumonia called tuberculosis.
3. Escherichia coli is not typically associated with pneumonia.
4. "All of the above" includes both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are known to cause pneumonia. Therefore, D is the correct answer.
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Name the halogen-containing antiseptic with fungicidal properties, which is used to treat dermatomycosis:
- A. Iodine solution
- B. Formalin solution
- C. Methylene blue
- D. Brilliant green
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Iodine solution contains iodine, a halogen with antiseptic properties.
2. Iodine is effective against fungi, making it suitable for treating dermatomycosis.
3. Iodine solution is commonly used in dermatology for its fungicidal properties.
4. Formalin, methylene blue, and brilliant green do not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
Summary:
- Formalin is a disinfectant, not an antiseptic for dermatomycosis.
- Methylene blue is an antifungal dye, not used as an antiseptic.
- Brilliant green is an antiseptic, but does not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
A source of hospital-acquired infection could be:
- A. New patients in incubation period
- B. Medical staff
- C. Medical instruments
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices can contribute to hospital-acquired infections. New patients in the incubation period can spread infections, medical staff can inadvertently transmit infections, and contaminated medical instruments can also be a source of infections. Therefore, it is important to consider all these factors to prevent and control the spread of infections in a hospital setting.
A patient with fever and sore throat had a throat culture revealing Gram-positive cocci in chains. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes.
1. Gram-positive cocci in chains: characteristic of Streptococcus species.
2. Catalase-negative: Streptococcus species are catalase-negative.
3. Beta-hemolytic: S. pyogenes is beta-hemolytic on blood agar.
Therefore, S. pyogenes fits all these criteria.
B: Streptococcus pneumoniae is catalase-negative but alpha-hemolytic, not beta-hemolytic.
C: Enterococcus faecalis is catalase-negative, but not typically beta-hemolytic or in chains.
D: Staphylococcus aureus is catalase-positive and not in chains.
Which of the following methods can be used for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections
- A. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract
- B. Immunofluorescence
- C. PCR
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract can identify specific pathogens, Immunofluorescence can detect viral antigens, and PCR can amplify and detect specific DNA/RNA sequences. Using all methods together provides a comprehensive approach for diagnosing respiratory tract infections. Culture alone may miss fastidious organisms, Immunofluorescence has limitations in sensitivity, and PCR requires specific primers. Therefore, combining these methods increases the likelihood of accurate diagnosis by covering a range of pathogens and improving sensitivity and specificity.
Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi belong to the group of:
- A. gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci
- B. anaerobic gram-negative rods
- C. anaerobic gram-negative cocci
- D. spirochetes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are both spirochetes.
2. Spirochetes are characterized by their spiral shape and unique motility.
3. Both organisms exhibit corkscrew-like movement due to axial filaments.
4. Other choices are incorrect as Treponema and Borrelia are not gram-negative rods, cocci, or anaerobic cocci.
Summary:
The correct answer is D because Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are spirochetes, characterized by their spiral shape and motility. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the characteristics of these organisms.