Nokea
A 40-year-old patient presents with frequent episodes of heartburn, regurgitation, and a sour taste in the mouth after meals. Symptoms are worse when lying down or bending over. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Hiatal hernia
- C. Pancreatitis
- D. Peptic esophagitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hiatal hernia allows acid reflux into the esophagus, worsened by lying down or bending, causing heartburn and regurgitation.
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Which process matches the definition: The uptake of substances by the GI tract?
- A. Absorption
- B. Ingestion
- C. Peristalsis
- D. Assimilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Absorption is the process by which nutrients are taken up from the GI tract into the bloodstream.
Match: Polysaccharide
- A. starch or cellulose
- B. composed of amino acids
- C. used for insulation
- D. makes up cell membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose, are complex carbohydrates that store energy or provide structural support.
If an incision had to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, which tunica would be cut first?
- A. muscularis
- B. mucosa
- C. submucosa
- D. serosa
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The serosa is the outermost layer of the small intestine and would be the first layer cut during surgery.
Peyer's patches produce-
- A. Enterokinase
- B. Lymphocyte
- C. Mucous
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peyer's patches in the small intestine produce lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system.
Peptide hormones are made of protein and are water soluble. They can therefore:
- A. Pass straight through the lipid bilayer and react with other molecules inside the cell
- B. React to a specific binding site on the outside of the membrane and create a secondary response
- C. Pass through a protein channel to the inside of the cell and then react with other molecules inside the cell
- D. Don't react with anything on the membrane or in the cell but cause their effect by other processes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peptide hormones bind to membrane receptors, triggering secondary messengers inside the cell.