Nokea
A 42-year-old woman has foamy purulent vaginal discharges. Microscopy revealed flagellated protozoa with an undulating membrane and pear-shaped structure. What organism was found?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trypanosoma gambiense
- C. Leishmania donovani
- D. Lamblia intestinalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, characterized by foamy purulent vaginal discharges. Microscopy of vaginal discharge showing flagellated protozoa with an undulating membrane and pear-shaped structure is indicative of Trichomonas vaginalis. Trypanosoma gambiense causes African sleeping sickness and is transmitted by tsetse flies. Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis transmitted by sandflies. Lamblia intestinalis causes giardiasis and is characterized by diarrhea and flatulence.
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In humans, the embryonic phase of development extends from fertilization to the end of week __________, after which the developing infant is called a fetus.
- A. 2
- B. 6
- C. 8
- D. 12
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 8. The embryonic phase in humans lasts until the end of week 8. During this time, the major organs and structures of the body begin to form. After week 8, the developing organism is referred to as a fetus. Choice A (2) is too early for this transition to occur, Choice B (6) is also premature, and Choice D (12) is too late as the embryonic phase ends before week 12. Therefore, the correct answer is C (8) as it accurately reflects the timeline of embryonic development in humans.
Which one is not true for the adaptive immunity:
- A. Is mainly observed in the skin and mucous membranes
- B. Develops immune memory
- C. Has a specificity
- D. Evolutionary newer in comparison to the innate immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because adaptive immunity is not mainly observed in the skin and mucous membranes. Adaptive immunity is a systemic response that involves specific immune cells and antibodies targeting specific pathogens. It develops immune memory (B), meaning it can recognize and respond faster upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Adaptive immunity also has specificity (C), as it can target specific antigens. Lastly, adaptive immunity is not evolutionarily newer in comparison to innate immunity (D), as both systems have co-evolved to provide comprehensive protection against pathogens.
It is planned to use the territory of an old cattle burial ground (which is not used for more than 50 years) for building houses. But ground analysis revealed presence of the pathogen of the very dangerous illness. Which of the indicated microorgonisms is likely to remain in the ground for such a long time?
- A. Mycobacterium bovis
- B. Brucella abortus
- C. Bacillus anthracis
- D. Francisella tularensis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming bacterium that can survive for decades in the soil.
2. The spores are resistant to harsh conditions and can remain dormant for long periods.
3. This resilience allows Bacillus anthracis to persist in the old cattle burial ground for over 50 years.
4. Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus, and Francisella tularensis are not known for long-term survival in soil.
Summary:
- Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus, and Francisella tularensis do not have the spore-forming ability.
- Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle.
- Brucella abortus causes brucellosis in cattle.
- Francisella tularensis causes tularemia in animals and humans.
A patient consulted a doctor about bowels disfunction. The doctor established symptoms of duodenitis and enteritis. Laboratory examination helped to make the following diagnosis: lambliosis. What medication should be administered?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Erythromycin
- C. Monomycin
- D. Chingamin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating lambliosis due to its effectiveness against Giardia lamblia, the parasite causing the infection. Metronidazole works by disrupting the DNA structure of the parasite, leading to its death. Erythromycin (choice B) is not effective against Giardia lamblia. Monomycin (choice C) and Chingamin (choice D) are not commonly used for treating lambliosis. Therefore, choice A, Metronidazole, is the correct medication for this patient.
Allergy to penicillin is an example of:
- A. Type I hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type III hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. Penicillin allergy involves IgE antibodies binding to penicillin.
2. This triggers mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine.
3. Histamine causes allergic symptoms like rash, swelling.
4. This immune response characterizes Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
Summary of other choices:
B: Type II reactions involve antibody-mediated cell destruction, not seen in penicillin allergy.
C: Type III reactions involve immune complex deposition, not typical in penicillin allergy.
D: Type IV reactions are delayed hypersensitivity reactions, not immediate like penicillin allergy.