Nokea
Which statement for immunomodulators is correct
- A. they can only stimulate the incomplete humoral and immune response
- B. Isoniazid is a very effective immunomodulator
- C. they can be natural and artificial compounds
- D. they can only suppress the incomplete humoral and immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
Choice C is correct because immunomodulators can indeed be natural (e.g., cytokines) or artificial compounds (e.g., synthetic peptides). They work by modulating the immune response, enhancing or suppressing it as needed.
Choice A is incorrect because immunomodulators can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Choice B is incorrect as isoniazid is primarily an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, not an immunomodulator.
Choice D is incorrect because immunomodulators can have varying effects on the immune response, not just suppress it.
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Prophylaxis of smallpox and revaccination is performed:
- A. Every year after the first vaccine
- B. Every second year
- C. Every three years
- D. No revaccination is needed, just the initial vaccine is enough
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smallpox vaccination provides long-lasting immunity, often for a lifetime. Revaccination is not necessary as the initial vaccine confers sufficient protection. Choice A is incorrect because yearly revaccination is unnecessary and excessive. Choice B and C are also incorrect as there is no need for revaccination every second or third year. The key is to understand that smallpox vaccination typically provides lifelong immunity, making ongoing revaccination unnecessary.
Which strain E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea in children similar to shigellosis
- A. ETEC
- B. EIEC
- C. EAEC
- D. EPEC
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: EIEC. This strain of E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea in children similar to shigellosis due to its ability to invade and replicate within the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to inflammation and bloody stools. ETEC (A) causes watery diarrhea due to enterotoxins. EAEC (C) causes persistent diarrhea. EPEC (D) causes attaching and effacing lesions on the intestinal mucosa without invasion.
Which bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Campylobacter jejuni
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Haemophilus influenzae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Campylobacter jejuni. This bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses due to its presence in undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk. Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) causes pneumonia, not foodborne illnesses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C) causes tuberculosis, not foodborne illnesses. Haemophilus influenzae (D) can cause respiratory infections but is not commonly associated with foodborne illnesses.
After the transfer of the F plasmid from the donor to the recipient cell..
- A. It is not possible to predict the outcome
- B. The donor cells become F
- C. The two cells become F
- D. The two cells become F+
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After the transfer of the F plasmid from the donor to the recipient cell, the correct answer is D. This is because the F plasmid carries genes for conjugation, allowing the recipient cell to become F+ (containing the F plasmid). The donor cell remains F. Choice A is incorrect as the outcome can be predicted based on the transfer of the F plasmid. Choice B is incorrect because the donor cell does not become F after transferring the F plasmid. Choice C is incorrect as only the recipient cell becomes F+, not both cells.
Which of the following microorganisms can cause skin infections?
- A. Candida albicans
- B. All are correct
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Streptococcus pyogenes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: All are correct. Candida albicans can cause skin infections such as candidiasis. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are common bacteria that can also cause skin infections. Therefore, choice B is correct as all three microorganisms listed can cause skin infections. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because individually, each of the microorganisms listed can cause skin infections.