Nokea
A 50 year old Chinese man is suspected to have metabolic syndrome. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2006 definition, which ONE of the following diagnostic criteria is mandatory to make a diagnosis in this gentleman?
- A. Triglycerides of 1.7 mmol/L
- B. Waist circumference of 90 cm
- C. HDL-cholesterol of <1.03 mmol/L
- D. Blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: IDF 2006 metabolic syndrome hinges on waist 90 cm for Asian men, mandatory, then two more like lipids, BP, or glucose. Others count, but girth's the chronic core nurses measure first.
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During hourly rounding the nurse enters a room where the client is unresponsive without pulse. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Begin ventilation at 1 breath every 6-8 seconds
- B. Start chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute
- C. Wait for the emergency response team for direction
- D. Call the family
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: No pulse, no response cardiac arrest kicks in chest compressions, 100-120/min, pumping life per ACLS, trumping breaths first in lone-rescuer mode. Waiting or calling delays; ventilation follows. Nurses hammer compressions, buying brain time, a priority slam in this code blue crash.
Foam cells are a prominent feature of atherosclerosis. Question: Foam cells develop as a result of which of the following options?
- A. Uptake of LDL in macrophages
- B. Uptake of LDL by LDL-R
- C. Uptake of ox-LDL by scavenger receptors
- D. Uptake of LDL by scavenger receptors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Foam cells ox-LDL via scavenger receptors stuff macrophages, not plain LDL or LDL-R. Nurses see this, a chronic plaque birth.
The nurse is caring for a 39-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer. She requested a breast tumor marking test and the results have come back positive. As a result, the patient is requesting a bilateral mastectomy. This surgery is an example of what type of oncologic surgery?
- A. Salvage surgery
- B. Palliative surgery
- C. Prophylactic surgery
- D. Reconstructive surgery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A bilateral mastectomy here is prophylactic removing nonvital breasts to prevent cancer in a high-risk patient with a positive tumor marker and family history. It's about risk reduction, not treatment of existing disease. Salvage surgery tackles recurrence after a less aggressive initial approach, like resecting a regrown tumor. Palliative surgery eases symptoms (e.g., pain from obstruction) in advanced cases, not prevention. Reconstructive surgery restores form or function post-treatment, like breast reconstruction after curative mastectomy. Prophylactic fits this preemptive strike, driven by genetic or familial risk (e.g., BRCA mutations), a growing trend in oncology to outpace cancer's onset, guided by nurses supporting informed, tough choices.
In which of these do you see clue cells?
- A. trichomonas vaginalis
- B. bacterial vaginosis
- C. candida
- D. HSV 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clue cells BV's fishy flag, not trich's swim, candida's yeast, HSV's sores, or syphilis' chancre. Nurses scope this chronic hint.
Regarding HIV/AIDS
- A. Shingles, seborrhoeic dermatitis and recurrent HSV infections are typical of early infection
- B. A CD4 count of 1.0 x 10^9/L is associated with late stage AIDS
- C. Pre and post test counselling for HIV serology is now no longer mandatory
- D. Pneumococcus is a more likely pathogen than TB in AIDS patients with pneumonia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV early skin woes, CD4's units flop, counseling holds, TB trumps pneumococcus, toxo hits brain. Nurses chase this chronic lung truth.