Nokea
A 6-year-old male child presented with a cerebellar mass; after undergoing complete surgical resection of the mass, the histology of the mass reveals pilocytic astrocytoma. Of the following, the MOST appropriate next step in the management is
- A. radiotherapy
- B. chemotherapy
- C. observation
- D. concomitant chemo-radiotherapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pilocytic astrocytomas are generally low-grade tumors, and observation is often sufficient after complete resection.
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Antivenins should be considered in the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT
- A. rattlesnake envenomations
- B. scorpion envenomations
- C. black widow envenomations
- D. stonefish envenomations
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Hymenoptera envenomations (e.g., bee stings) typically do not require antivenin, as they are managed with supportive care.
Which of the following is the most important assessment during the acute stage of an unconscious patient like Mr. Franco?
- A. Level of awareness and response to pain
- B. Papillary reflexes and response to sensory stimuli
- C. Coherence and sense of hearing
- D. Patency of airway and adequacy of respiration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the acute stage of an unconscious patient like Mr. Franco, the most critical assessment is ensuring the patency of the airway and evaluating the adequacy of respiration. Maintaining a clear airway is essential to ensure that oxygen can reach the lungs and be circulated to vital organs. Without proper airway management, a patient's condition can quickly deteriorate due to hypoxia, leading to severe complications or even death. Therefore, assessing and securing the airway is the priority in the initial management of an unconscious patient to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Monitoring the respiration rate, depth, and effort is crucial to identify any signs of respiratory distress or failure that require immediate intervention. Once the airway and breathing are addressed, further assessments related to neurological function and sensory responses can be conducted.
The BEST implication of a 6-month-old baby's visuomotor coordination is
- A. voluntary release of objects
- B. comparison ability of small objects
- C. increasing ability to explore objects
- D. autonomy of actions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Voluntary release is a key milestone in visuomotor coordination at this age.
Which of the following problems associated with anemia best explains why Aisa becomes dizzy during periods of physical activity?
- A. A sudden drop in blood pressure
- B. Insufficient cerebral oxygenation
- C. Decreased level of serum glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Anemia is a condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, which can result in inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues and organs, including the brain. When Aisa engages in physical activity, her body's oxygen demand increases. However, due to her anemia, there is a reduced capacity to transport oxygen to meet the increased demand. This mismatch between oxygen supply and demand leads to insufficient oxygen reaching her brain, resulting in dizziness. This symptom is consistent with the explanation of insufficient cerebral oxygenation in the context of anemia.
The nurse is teaching the client about risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Which of the following risk factors for diabetes mellitus is nonmodifiable?
- A. Poor control of blood glucose levels
- B. Current of recent foot trauma
- C. Inappropriate foot care
- D. Advanced age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Advanced age is a nonmodifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Nonmodifiable risk factors are characteristics or traits that cannot be changed or controlled. In this case, a person's age is a factor that continuously increases as time passes and cannot be altered. Other nonmodifiable risk factors for diabetes mellitus include family history of diabetes and certain ethnic backgrounds. On the other hand, poor control of blood glucose levels, current or recent foot trauma, and inappropriate foot care are examples of modifiable risk factors that can be managed through lifestyle changes and proper medical care.