Nokea
A 70-year-old male patient is experiencing symptoms of constipation, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. Physical examination reveals visible distension of the abdomen, and a contrast study shows dilation of the large intestine. Which of the following motility disorders is the most probable cause of the patient's symptoms?
- A. Excessive peristalsis in the large intestine
- B. Impaired segmentation in the small intestine
- C. Reduced peristalsis in the large intestine
- D. Excessive segmentation in the small intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reduced peristalsis in the large intestine slows transit, leading to constipation, bloating, and dilation, as seen in the contrast study.
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Each part of the alimentary canal has the optimum pH for the enzymes that digest food there. What is the optimum pH for an enzyme that works in the stomach?
- A. pH 2
- B. pH 7
- C. pH 9
- D. pH 12
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The stomach's acidic environment (around pH 2) is optimal for the function of pepsin, which breaks down proteins.
Negative feedback can be described as...?
- A. As the concentration of the product increases it inhibits stimulation and consequently decreases product synthesis
- B. As the concentration of the product decreases it decreases stimulation and consequently further decreases product synthesis
- C. Product concentration has no effect on stimulation - another control mechanism is put in place to change rate of production
- D. As the concentration of the product increases it increases stimulation and consequently further increases product synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Negative feedback reduces the stimulus as the product accumulates, maintaining homeostasis.
Which part of our body secrets pepsin?
- A. Liver
- B. Pancreas
- C. Thyroid gland
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Gastric chief cells present in our stomach secrete pepsin. It is responsible for the digestion of proteins. The stomach is responsible for the digestion of food. It secretes HCl (Hydrochloric acid) to aid digestion.
Formation of gallstones is referred to as:
- A. jaundice
- B. cirrhosis
- C. hepatitis
- D. cholelithiasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cholelithiasis is the medical term for the formation of gallstones.
Which of the following enzymes formed in the pancreas aids in protein digestion?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Trypsinogen
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Trypsin, activated from trypsinogen, is a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins.