Nokea
A 74-year-old woman states that many of her peers underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in years past. The woman asks the nurse why her primary care provider has not yet proposed this treatment for her. What fact should underlie the nurse's response to the woman?
- A. The risks of stroke and breast cancer are unacceptably high in women taking HRT.
- B. HRT was found to cause mood disturbances in many women who used it long term.
- C. HRT was found to be a significant risk factor for bone fractures and osteoporosis.
- D. The risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were found to be significantly higher in women using HRT.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the main reason HRT is not recommended for all women is due to the increased risks of stroke and breast cancer associated with its use. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not address the primary concerns regarding HRT use. HRT can indeed cause mood disturbances and may have effects on bone health, but the main concerns regarding its use revolve around the risks of stroke and breast cancer.
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A male patient with erectile dysfunction has asked for a prescription for sildenafil (Viagra). Before giving this medication, the nurse should assess for which of the following conditions?
- A. History of peptic ulcer disease
- B. Use of nitrates
- C. Recent history of a stroke
- D. History of hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sildenafil should not be used by patients taking nitrates, as the combination can lead to severe hypotension.
A 10-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting wheezing and difficulty breathing. History reveals that both of the child's parents suffer from allergies. Which of the following terms would be used to classify the child?
- A. Desensitized
- B. Atopic
- C. Hyperactive
- D. Autoimmune
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In this case, the correct term to classify the child is 'Atopic.' Atopic individuals have a genetic predisposition to developing allergic conditions. 'Desensitized' refers to reduced sensitivity to an allergen, 'Hyperactive' relates to an exaggerated response, and 'Autoimmune' involves the immune system attacking its own cells, none of which accurately describe the child's classification based on the provided history.
A patient has been prescribed an estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive. The nurse should emphasize that the risk of thrombophlebitis is most likely in patients who:
- A. Are diabetic.
- B. Smoke cigarettes.
- C. Have a history of hypertension.
- D. Are older than 40.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Smoking is a significant risk factor for thrombophlebitis, particularly when combined with estrogen-progestin contraceptives.
A 45-year-old diabetic male is experiencing erectile dysfunction. If his erectile dysfunction is caused by the nervous system, then the nurse can educate the client that the venous blood supply to the penis is controlled by:
- A. sympathetic nerves.
- B. parasympathetic nerves.
- C. somatic nerves.
- D. spinal reflexes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Erectile function is primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, which facilitates the dilation of blood vessels in the penis. The parasympathetic nerves are responsible for vasodilation in the penis, allowing blood to enter and creating an erection. Sympathetic nerves, on the other hand, are responsible for ejaculation by causing contraction of the muscles around the vas deferens. Somatic nerves are involved in sensation and movement, not specifically in controlling blood supply to the penis. Spinal reflexes can play a role in the erectile process, but they are not directly responsible for controlling the venous blood supply.
After studying about fungi, which information indicates a correct understanding of fungi? Fungi causing deep or systemic infections:
- A. Are easily treated with penicillin
- B. Are extremely rare
- C. Never occur with other infections
- D. Are commonly opportunistic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fungi causing deep or systemic infections are commonly opportunistic, especially in immunocompromised individuals.