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A basic assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that
- A. All human behavior can be caused and can be explained.
- B. Human behavior is entirely unconscious.
- C. Free association is the key to understanding.
- D. Sexuality does not relate to behavior.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that all behavior has a cause, whether conscious or unconscious, driven by internal forces like the id, ego, and superego.
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A patient who has been working on controlling impulsive behavior shows a strengthening ego through which of the following behaviors?
- A. Going to therapy only when there is nothing more desirable to do
- B. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision
- C. Telling others in the group the right way to act
- D. Reporting having fun at a recent social event
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The ego mediates between the id's impulsive desires and the superego's moral constraints. Weighing advantages and disadvantages before deciding reflects mature, adaptive ego functioning, unlike the other options which indicate impulsivity, control, or unrelated social behavior.
Which one of the following is an important characteristic of an effective therapist-client relationship in individual psychotherapy?
- A. Homogeneity between the client and the therapist.
- B. Mutual benefit for the client and the therapist.
- C. The client must adapt to the therapist's style of therapy and theoretical beliefs.
- D. Match between the theoretical beliefs and style of therapy and the client's needs and expectations of therapy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Effective therapy requires compatibility between the therapist's approach and the client's needs and expectations, prioritizing the client's benefit over homogeneity or therapist gain.
A patient states, 'I hate spending time with my family. They're always on my back about something. I won't do anything they ask me to do.' Which response by the nurse reflects a behavioral perspective?
- A. Let's play like I'm your parent, and we'll practice some better ways to communicate that won't result in an argument.
- B. Some medicines really help with anger. Are you interested in talking to your physician about starting you on something?
- C. That's probably your way of getting back at them for being strict with you when you were younger.
- D. If you agree to start doing what your parents request, then they have agreed to respect your privacy more.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A behavioral perspective focuses on observable behaviors and uses rewards or consequences to modify them, as in negotiating compliance for privacy.
Which of the following are examples of adventitious crises?
- A. Death of a loved one
- B. Natural disasters
- C. Violent crimes
- D. War
- E. Leaving home for the first time
Correct Answer: B,C,D
Rationale: Adventitious crises involve unpredictable events like natural disasters, violent crimes, or war. Death of a loved one is a situational crisis, and leaving home is a maturational crisis.
Which cognitive mode, according to Harry Stack Sullivan, begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in sequence?
- A. Prototaxic mode
- B. Parataxic mode
- C. Bitaxic mode
- D. Syntaxic mode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sullivan's parataxic mode involves children connecting experiences in sequence, though not always logically, marking an early cognitive developmental stage.