Nokea
A client asks the nurse what PSA is. The nurse should reply that is stands for:
- A. Prostate-specific antigen, which is used to screen for prostate cancer
- B. Protein serum antigen, which is used to determine protein levels
- C. Pneumococcal strep antigen, which is bacteria that causes pneumonia
- D. Papanicolua-specific antigen, which is used to screen for cervical cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. It is primarily used to screen for prostate cancer by measuring the levels of PSA in the blood. PSA levels can help detect prostate cancer early. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes PSA and its primary use.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Protein serum antigen is not a commonly known term in healthcare. There is no specific antigen called "protein serum antigen" used to determine protein levels.
C: Pneumococcal strep antigen is a bacterial antigen that causes pneumonia, not related to PSA used in prostate cancer screening.
D: Papanicolua-specific antigen is not a recognized term. The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for cervical cancer screening, not a specific antigen like PSA.
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Inhalation of carbogen for short period is recommended:
- A. To stimulate respiration
- B. To dilate blood vessels
- C. To dislodge the blood clot
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Carbogen is a gas mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Inhaling carbogen can stimulate respiration due to increased oxygen levels and carbon dioxide acting as a respiratory stimulant. It can also dilate blood vessels, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues. Additionally, carbogen can help dislodge blood clots by improving blood flow and oxygenation. Therefore, all the choices (A, B, and C) are correct as inhaling carbogen can have multiple beneficial effects on respiration, blood vessels, and blood clot dislodging.
A client was brought to the school clinic wuth severe, constant, localized abdominal pain. Abdominal muscles are rigid, and rebound tenderness is present. Peritonitis is suspected. The client is hypotensive and tachycardic. The nursing diagnosis most appropriate to the client’s signs/symptoms is:
- A. fluid volume deficit related to depletion of intravascular volume
- B. altered thought process related to toxic effects of elevated ammonia levels
- C. abdominal pain related to increased intestinal peristalsis
- D. altered nutrition: less than body requirements related to malabsorption
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: fluid volume deficit related to depletion of intravascular volume. Peritonitis causes inflammation of the peritoneum, leading to fluid shifting into the peritoneal cavity, causing hypovolemia. Hypotension and tachycardia are signs of decreased intravascular volume. Rigid abdominal muscles and rebound tenderness indicate peritoneal irritation. Choice B is incorrect because elevated ammonia levels are not associated with the client's symptoms. Choice C is incorrect because increased peristalsis does not explain the client's hypotension and tachycardia. Choice D is incorrect because malabsorption does not align with the client's acute presentation of severe abdominal pain and peritonitis.
A patient with a spinal cord injury is seeking to enhance urinary elimination abilities by learning self- catheterization versus assisted catheterization by home health nurses and family members. The nurse adds Readiness for enhanced urinary elimination in the care plan. Which type of diagnosis did the nurse write?
- A. Risk
- B. Problem focused
- C. Health promotion
- D. Collaborative problem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Health promotion. This type of diagnosis focuses on improving the client's well-being and maximizing their health potential. By adding Readiness for enhanced urinary elimination to the care plan, the nurse acknowledges the patient's willingness to learn self-catheterization, which aligns with health promotion. Other choices are incorrect because: A (Risk) implies potential harm, B (Problem focused) focuses on current issues, and D (Collaborative problem) involves multiple healthcare providers working together on a specific problem.
A client has been taking a decongestant for allergic rhinitis. During a follow-up visit, which of the following suggests that the decongestant has been effective?
- A. Increased salivation
- B. Reduced sneezing
- C. Increased tearing
- D. Headache
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reduced sneezing. Decongestants work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion, which in turn can lead to a decrease in sneezing. Increased salivation (choice A) is not a typical effect of decongestants. Increased tearing (choice C) is more commonly associated with allergies or irritants. Headache (choice D) can be a side effect of decongestants due to their impact on blood vessels, but it does not necessarily indicate effectiveness in treating allergic rhinitis.
The nurse teaches a client with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism about the need for thyroid hormone replacement therapy to restore normal thyroid function. Which thyroid preparation is the agent of choice for thyroid hormone replacement therapy?
- A. Methimazole (Tapazole)
- B. Livothyronine (Cytomel)
- C. Thyroid USP dessicated (Thyroid USP
- D. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Enseals)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is the synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4, the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
Step 2: Levothyroxine is the preferred agent for thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism due to its stable and consistent potency.
Step 3: Levothyroxine is well-absorbed by the body and has a long half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing.
Step 4: Other choices are incorrect because Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism, Livothyronine is a form of T3 hormone not commonly used for replacement therapy, and Thyroid USP dessicated is derived from animal thyroid glands and has inconsistent hormone content.
Summary: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is the preferred choice for thyroid hormone replacement therapy due to its synthetic nature, stable potency, good absorption, and long half-life. Other options are not