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A client diagnosed with stable angina is complaining of substernal chest pain, rating the pain 5 out of 10. What would be the priority action by the nurse?
- A. Administer the client's prescribed beta-blocker
- B. Administer nitroglycerin intravenously immediately
- C. Administer morphine
- D. Administer 325 mg of chewable aspirin immediately
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stable angina's oxygen pinch 5/10 pain bows to aspirin's antiplatelet punch, cutting clot risk fast, a priority over beta-blockers' slow rate drop. IV nitroglycerin's for MI, morphine's overkill, aspirin's chewed for quick absorption. Nurses hit this, easing ischemia, a front-line move in this chest squeeze.
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Foam cells are a prominent feature of atherosclerosis. Question: Foam cells develop as a result of which of the following options?
- A. Uptake of LDL in macrophages
- B. Uptake of LDL by LDL-R
- C. Uptake of ox-LDL by scavenger receptors
- D. Uptake of LDL by scavenger receptors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Foam cells ox-LDL via scavenger receptors stuff macrophages, not plain LDL or LDL-R. Nurses see this, a chronic plaque birth.
Mr Tan aged 50 years old has a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg taken on waking up and 140/90 mmHg at night. He also has a UAE of 200 mg/24 hours. He has type 2 diabetes. Which of the following actions will be most likely reduce the UAE to normal?
- A. Get the patient to lose 10% of his body weight
- B. Prescribe a SGLT2 e.g. empagliflozin
- C. Control the blood pressure to 130/80 mmHg
- D. Get the patient to exercise 150 minutes a week
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: UAE 200, diabetes BP to 130/80 slashes albumin; weight, SGLT2, exercise, nifedipine help less direct. Nurses hit this chronic kidney key.
Which is not associated with atypical pneumonia?
- A. abnormal LFTs
- B. hypernatremia
- C. hypophosphatemia
- D. bilateral patchy infiltrates on CXR
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atypical pneumonia LFTs wobble, phosphates drop, CXR patches, agglutinins rise; sodium stays. Nurses skip this chronic salt glitch.
Patients on insulin therapy should receive essential education on the following EXCEPT:
- A. Insulin injection technique
- B. Stopping all oral hypoglycaemic agents
- C. Recognition and self-management of hypoglycaemia
- D. Sick day management
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin therapy education for diabetes patients covers injection technique, hypoglycemia recognition and management, sick day rules, and safe driving, per diabetes care standards. However, stopping all oral hypoglycemic agents isn't universally essential many patients continue agents like metformin or SGLT-2 inhibitors alongside insulin for synergistic effects, depending on glycemic control needs. Assuming cessation oversimplifies treatment plans, potentially reducing efficacy. Education must tailor to individual regimens, not mandate stopping orals, making this the exception. Physicians ensure comprehensive teaching to enhance adherence and safety, critical in chronic disease management.
Animal experiments have shown that destruction of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus leads to unrestrained eating, because a specific structure is lost. Question: Which structure is lost?
- A. The amygdala
- B. The vagus nerve
- C. The satiety centre
- D. The feeding centre
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ventromedial zap satiety centre dies, eating runs wild, not amygdala's fear, vagus' gut, or feeding's drive. Nurses link this, a chronic overeat switch.