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A client has a bone marrow biopsy done. Which nursing intervention is the priority post procedure?
- A. Applying pressure to the biopsy site
- B. Inspecting the site for ecchymoses
- C. Sending the biopsy specimens to the laboratory
- D. Teaching the client about avoiding vigorous activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Applying pressure to the biopsy site. This is the priority post-procedure as it helps prevent bleeding and hematoma formation. Applying pressure aids in achieving hemostasis, reducing the risk of complications. Choice B is incorrect as inspecting for ecchymoses is important but not the priority over preventing bleeding. Choice C is also incorrect as sending specimens to the lab can be done after ensuring the client's safety. Choice D is incorrect as teaching about avoiding vigorous activity is important but not the immediate priority post-procedure.
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During the maturation of a B lymphocyte, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the
- A. Mu chain
- B. gamma chain
- C. epsilon chain
- D. alpha chain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mu chain. During B lymphocyte maturation, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the Mu chain. This is because the Mu chain is the first heavy chain isotype expressed during early B cell development. The Mu chain combines with the surrogate light chain to form the pre-B cell receptor, which is essential for signaling in pre-B cells. The Mu chain is later replaced by other heavy chain isotypes such as gamma, epsilon, and alpha during B cell differentiation. Therefore, the Mu chain is the correct answer as it is the initial heavy chain produced in B cell maturation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they represent heavy chain isotypes that are expressed at later stages of B cell development and differentiation.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
- A. inactivation of macrophages
- B. increased vascular permeability and edema
- C. vasodilation
- D. pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: inactivation of macrophages. Inflammation involves activation of macrophages to help phagocytize pathogens. Inactivation of macrophages would hinder the immune response. Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and pain are all typical characteristics of inflammation. Macrophages play a crucial role in the inflammatory response by engulfing and destroying pathogens, therefore, inactivation of macrophages is not a characteristic of inflammation.
On January 15, a patient developed an illness suggestive of influenza... Her hemagglutination inhibition titer to influenza A virus was 10 on January 18, 40 on January 30, and 320 on February 20. Which one of the following is the MOST appropriate interpretation?
- A. The patient was ill with influenza A on January 15
- B. The patient was ill with influenza A on February 20
- C. The patient was not infected with influenza virus
- D. The patient has an autoimmune disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the increasing hemagglutination inhibition titer from 10 on January 18 to 320 on February 20 indicates a rise in antibody levels, which is consistent with the patient being infected with influenza A virus. This suggests that the patient was ill with influenza A on January 15, as it takes time for antibody levels to rise in response to an infection.
Choice B is incorrect because the highest titer was on February 20, which indicates peak antibody response, not the onset of illness. Choice C is incorrect as the increasing titer levels suggest an active infection. Choice D is incorrect as the titer results are indicative of an immune response to an infection, not an autoimmune disease.
During a 4-month-old’s well-child check, the nurse discusses introduction of solid foods into the infant’s diet and concerns for foods commonly associated with food allergies. Due to allergies, which foods will the nurse instruction the parents to avoid until after 1 year of age?
- A. Strawberries, eggs, and wheat
- B. Peas, tomatoes, and spinach
- C. Carrots, beets, and spinach
- D. Squash, pork, and tomatoes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Strawberries, eggs, and wheat) because these foods are common allergens that should be avoided until after 1 year of age to reduce the risk of food allergies. Strawberries are highly allergenic, eggs contain proteins that may trigger allergies, and wheat contains gluten which can cause sensitivities. Peas, tomatoes, and spinach (choice B) are generally safe to introduce to infants. Carrots, beets, and spinach (choice C) are also safe options. Squash, pork, and tomatoes (choice D) are not commonly associated with food allergies in infants.
An antigen is:
- A. Highly specific protein in response to foreign body
- B. Chemical inhibiting microorganism growth
- C. Antibody stimulating antibody production
- D. Chemical stimulating antibody production
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.
2. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
3. Antigens trigger the immune system to produce antibodies to neutralize or eliminate the foreign substance.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately describes the role of antigens in stimulating antibody production.
Summary:
A, B, and C are incorrect because:
A: Antigens are not proteins themselves but can be recognized by antibodies.
B: Antigens do not inhibit microorganism growth; they stimulate immune responses.
C: Antigens do not directly stimulate antibody production; they trigger the immune system to produce antibodies in response to foreign substances.