Nokea
A client has been diagnosed with lung cancer and requires lobectomy. How much of the lung is removed?
- A. One entire lung.
- B. A lobe of the lung.
- C. A small, localized area near the surface of the lung.
- D. One entire lung.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A lobe of the lung. During a lobectomy, a lobe of the lung is surgically removed, typically to treat lung cancer while preserving the remaining lung tissue. Removing one entire lung (choices A and D) is not necessary for a lobectomy and would be a more extensive procedure. Choice C, removing a small localized area near the surface of the lung, does not accurately reflect the extent of tissue removal required for a lobectomy. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it specifically addresses the removal of a lobe during the surgical procedure.
You may also like to solve these questions
The greatest quantity of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort is its
- A. Residual volume
- B. Tidal volume
- C. Vital capacity
- D. Lung volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vital capacity. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Residual volume (A) is the air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Tidal volume (B) is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing. Lung volume (D) is a general term and not a specific measure of air quantity. Thus, vital capacity is the best choice as it accounts for the maximum air that can be expired after a deep inhalation.
Identify the inconsistent value in these measurements on a mixed venous blood sample obtained in a healthy person from IVC at sea level
- A. pO2 = 40mmHg
- B. pCO2 = 48mmHg
- C. PN2 = 620mmHg
- D. O2 content = 150ml/L blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: PN2 = 620mmHg. This is the inconsistent value because the normal partial pressure of nitrogen in venous blood is around 40 mmHg, not 620 mmHg. This discrepancy indicates an abnormal measurement. The other choices (A, B, D) are within expected ranges for a mixed venous blood sample in a healthy person at sea level. Choice A (pO2 = 40mmHg) is typical for venous blood, choice B (pCO2 = 48mmHg) falls within the normal range, and choice D (O2 content = 150ml/L blood) is a reasonable value for mixed venous blood.
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
- A. increase respiratory rate
- B. increase the tidal volume
- C. force reliance on costal breathing
- D. result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the phrenic nerves would result in the inability to fully expand the diaphragm, leading to reliance on costal breathing. This is because the phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration. Without proper diaphragmatic function, the individual would have difficulty engaging in effective diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because damage to the phrenic nerves would not directly impact the respiratory rate, tidal volume, or pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. These functions are more related to overall respiratory control and lung mechanics, which are not solely dependent on the phrenic nerves.
During inhalation,
- A. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs.
- B. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less than the pressure within the lungs.
- C. the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved.
- D. the chest cavity volume decreases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow into the lungs where the pressure is now higher. Choice B is correct because the pressure in the thoracic cavity is indeed less than the pressure within the lungs during inhalation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during inhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, the diaphragm moves downward and flattens, and the chest cavity volume increases to allow for air intake.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
- A. solute dissolved in the plasma
- B. carbaminohemoglobin
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide in the blood mainly combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Choices A and D are incorrect as carbon dioxide mainly combines with water and does not remain as a solute in plasma or cytoplasm. Choice B, carbaminohemoglobin, is a minor way carbon dioxide is transported, where a small amount binds to hemoglobin, but the majority is transported as bicarbonate ions.