Nokea
You are supervising a nursing student who is providing care for a thoracotomy client with a chest tube. What finding will you clearly instruct the nursing student to notify you about immediately?
- A. Chest tube drainage of 10-15 mL per hour
- B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber
- C. Complaints of pain at the chest tube site
- D. Chest tube dressing dated yesterday.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber indicates an air leak and potential complications. Drainage of 10-15 mL/hour (A) is normal. Pain complaints (C) and outdated dressing (D) are less urgent.
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The exchange of gases between blood and cells is called
- A. pulmonary ventilation
- B. internal respiration
- C. external respiration
- D. cellular respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: internal respiration. This process refers to the exchange of gases between blood and body cells. Pulmonary ventilation (A) is the process of breathing, moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration (C) is the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood. Cellular respiration (D) is the process where cells use oxygen to produce energy. Internal respiration best describes the exchange of gases at the cellular level.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
- A. solute dissolved in the plasma
- B. carbaminohemoglobin
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide in the blood mainly combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Choices A and D are incorrect as carbon dioxide mainly combines with water and does not remain as a solute in plasma or cytoplasm. Choice B, carbaminohemoglobin, is a minor way carbon dioxide is transported, where a small amount binds to hemoglobin, but the majority is transported as bicarbonate ions.
After using a nasal cannula delivery system at 3 L/min, a patient with chronic airflow
limitation (CAL) changes to a simple face mask. The nasal equipment oxygen was set at 3
L/min. How should the nurse adjust the oxygen flow for the new delivery system?
- A. Decrease it to 2 L.
- B. Keep it the same.
- C. Increase it to 4 L.
- D. Increase it to 6 L.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To determine the correct oxygen flow for a simple face mask, you should increase it from the previous nasal cannula rate. As simple face masks deliver oxygen less efficiently, a higher flow rate is needed to maintain the same oxygen concentration. Moving from 3 L/min nasal cannula to a simple face mask, you should increase the flow to 6 L/min to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the patient with chronic airflow limitation. Choices A and B are incorrect as decreasing or keeping the flow the same would not provide sufficient oxygen. Choice C is also incorrect as increasing it to 4 L/min may not be enough to compensate for the decreased efficiency of the simple face mask.
oropharynx contain
- A. palatine tonsils
- B. lingual tonsils
- C. Pharyngeal tonsils
- D. a and b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the oropharynx contains both palatine tonsils (choice A) and lingual tonsils (choice B). Palatine tonsils are located on the sides of the oropharynx and lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue. Pharyngeal tonsils (choice C) are also known as adenoids and are located in the nasopharynx, not the oropharynx. Therefore, choices A, B, and C alone are incorrect. Choice D is correct because both palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils are present in the oropharynx.
The cartilage which are triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage and influence the position and tension of vocal cords?
- A. thyroid cartilage
- B. paired arytenoid
- C. paired comiculate
- D. cricoid cartilage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: paired arytenoid cartilage. These cartilages are triangular and play a crucial role in adjusting the tension and position of the vocal cords, thus affecting voice pitch and quality. The thyroid cartilage (A) is a large shield-shaped cartilage, the corniculate cartilage (C) is small and horn-shaped, and the cricoid cartilage (D) is a ring-shaped cartilage. These cartilages do not directly influence the vocal cords' tension and position.