Nokea
A client has been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). What action by the nurse takes highest priority?
- A. Educating the client on adherence to the treatment regimen
- B. Encouraging the client to eat a well-balanced diet
- C. Informing the client about follow-up sputum cultures
- D. Teaching the client ways to balance rest with activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because educating the client on adherence to the treatment regimen is the top priority in managing TB. This is crucial to prevent the spread of the disease and ensure successful treatment. Choice B is important for overall health but not the priority. Choice C is important but comes after starting treatment. Choice D is also important but does not directly impact the treatment outcome for TB.
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Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?
- A. decreased blood flow
- B. increased surface area
- C. increased partial pressure gradients
- D. increased gas solubility
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Blood flow supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide in the lungs, essential for efficient gas exchange.
Step 2: Decreased blood flow means less oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal, leading to decreased respiratory efficiency.
Step 3: Choice A is correct as it directly impacts the gas exchange process.
Summary:
- Choice B (increased surface area) would enhance gas exchange efficiency.
- Choice C (increased partial pressure gradients) would improve gas exchange efficiency.
- Choice D (increased gas solubility) would not directly affect respiratory efficiency.
The movement of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body is accomplished by
- A. exocytosis and endocytosis
- B. bulk flow.
- C. osmosis
- D. diffusion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: diffusion. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of cells through simple diffusion, which is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process occurs due to the concentration gradient of these gases. Osmosis (Choice C) is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, not gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Exocytosis and endocytosis (Choice A) involve the transport of larger molecules and particles in and out of cells, not gases. Bulk flow (Choice B) involves the movement of fluids in response to pressure differences, not the specific movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules. Therefore, diffusion is the correct mechanism for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body due to their small molecular size and the concentration gradient present.
Alveolar ventilation in a male with a respiratory rate of 10/min and tidal volume of 600 ml is
- A. 1000ml
- B. 1750 ml
- C. 3000ml
- D. 4500ml
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 4500ml. Alveolar ventilation is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate. In this case, 600ml (tidal volume) x 10/min (respiratory rate) = 6000ml/min. However, we need to consider dead space ventilation, which is about 150ml. Therefore, the final alveolar ventilation is 6000ml/min - 150ml = 5850ml/min. Since the question asks for alveolar ventilation per minute, the correct answer is the closest option, which is D: 4500ml.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the calculation of alveolar ventilation based on the provided respiratory rate, tidal volume, and dead space ventilation.
A patient asks the nurse why an infection in his upper respiratory system is affecting the clarity of his speech. Which structure serves as the patient's resonating chamber in speech?
- A. Trachea
- B. Pharynx
- C. Paranasal sinuses
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers in speech production due to their location near the nasal cavity and their ability to amplify sound vibrations. When infected, the sinuses can become inflamed, affecting speech clarity. The trachea (A) is a passageway for air, not involved in speech. The pharynx (B) is a common pathway for both air and food, not a resonating chamber. The larynx (D) contains the vocal cords for sound production but is not primarily responsible for speech resonance.
The patient with angina is admitted to the hospital. The patient states "I might as well have died because now I won't be able to do anything." Your best response is
- A. What do you mean about not being able to do anything?
- B. Don't worry about it. Everything will be alright.
- C. You should not be thinking about that because you are doing so well now.
- D. Take life one day at a time. We will be taking excellent care of you.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates active listening and empathy, allowing the patient to express their feelings. By asking for clarification, it shows interest in the patient's concerns and opens up a dialogue for further exploration. This approach can help the patient feel heard and supported, leading to better understanding and communication.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the patient's statement or feelings. B dismisses the patient's concerns, C invalidates their emotions, and D offers a general statement without acknowledging the patient's specific worries. These responses may lead to the patient feeling unheard or misunderstood, hindering effective communication and rapport building.