Nokea
A client is admitted to an acute care facility with esophageal cancer. The incidence of esophageal cancer is highest in:
- A. Black males.
- B. Women over age
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The incidence of esophageal cancer is highest in black males. Studies have shown that black males have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer compared to other demographic groups. Various factors contribute to this increased risk, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits (such as smoking and alcohol consumption), and potential disparities in access to healthcare and early detection. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these disparities in order to provide appropriate care and support for individuals at higher risk for esophageal cancer.
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A nurse explains to a child's parents that the role of methotrexate (Rheumatrex®) in treating children with juvenile arthritis is to:
- A. decrease the inflammatory response.
- B. improve functional ability.
- C. control the febrile response.
- D. minimize the effects of uveitis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Methotrexate, which is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), is commonly used to treat juvenile arthritis by decreasing the inflammatory response in the joints. By suppressing the overactive immune response that causes inflammation in the joints, methotrexate helps reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness in children with juvenile arthritis. This ultimately helps to improve joint function and prevent joint damage. While methotrexate may indirectly contribute to improving functional ability and controlling febrile responses in some cases, its primary mechanism of action is to target and reduce inflammation in juvenile arthritis. The medication may also help in managing associated conditions like uveitis, but its main role lies in decreasing the inflammatory response in arthritis.
A nurse prepares to administer a vitamin K injection to a newborn infant. The mother asks the nurse why her newborn infant needs the injection. The best response by the nurse would be:
- A. "You infant needs vitamin K to develop immunity."
- B. "The vitamin K will protect your infant from being jaundiced."
- C. "Newborn infants are deficient in vitamin K, and this injection prevents your infant from abnormal bleeding."
- D. "Newborn infants have sterile bowels, and vitamin K promotes the growth of bacteria in the bowel."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct response by the nurse is C. Newborn infants are born with low levels of vitamin K because they do not have enough of the gut bacteria necessary to produce it. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood clotting, and without enough of it, newborns are at risk of a bleeding disorder called vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). The vitamin K injection given to newborns helps prevent this disorder by providing them with the necessary vitamin K to ensure proper blood clotting. It is important for the mother to understand that this injection is essential for her infant's health and well-being to prevent complications related to vitamin K deficiency.
A child has a postoperative appendectomy incision covered by a dressing. The nurse has just completed a prescribed dressing change for this child. Which description is an accurate documentation of this procedure?
- A. Dressing change to appendectomy incision completed, child tolerated procedure well, parent present
- B. No complications noted during dressing change to appendectomy incision
- C. Appendectomy incision non-reddened, sutures intact, no drainage noted on old dressing, new dressing applied, procedure tolerated well by child
- D. No changes to appendectomy incisional area, dressing changed, child complained of pain during procedure, new dressing clean, dry and intact
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Option C provides a thorough and accurate documentation of the dressing change procedure for the postoperative appendectomy incision. This documentation includes essential details such as the condition of the incision site (non-reddened, sutures intact, no drainage noted on old dressing), the action taken (new dressing applied), and the outcome (procedure tolerated well by the child). It covers all the necessary aspects of the dressing change procedure and clearly indicates the status of the incision site before and after the intervention. Options A, B, and D do not provide as comprehensive and detailed information about the dressing change procedure and its outcomes, making option C the most appropriate choice for accurate documentation.
all the following are true about seizures disorders except :
- A. involve involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
- B. less than one third of seizures in children caused by epilepsy
- C. febrile seizure usually occur late in the course of high fever
- D. all the above are correct 120
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a young child triggered by a spike in body temperature, often from an infection. Febrile seizures typically occur early in the course of a high fever in children between the ages of 6 months to 5 years old. They are usually brief, lasting for less than five minutes. In about one-third of cases, febrile seizures may occur before the fever is noted by a caregiver. Therefore, the statement that febrile seizures usually occur late in the course of high fever is incorrect.
Neuroblastoma can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. All the following features are paraneoplastic EXCEPT
- A. uncontrollable jerking movements
- B. cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination
- C. unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis
- D. profound secretory diarrhea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased body coordination is not a typical feature of neuroblastoma-associated paraneoplastic syndromes.