Nokea
A client is being taught about the transmission of HIV and is taught that body fluids such as blood,semen and vaginal secretions can transmit the virus. What is the other body fluid that the HIV virus can be transmitted through?
- A. Saliva
- B. Tears
- C. Sweat
- D. Breast milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV can be transmitted through breast milk,making it a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission.
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What is the normal pH range of the blood and what ratio of base to acid does this reflect?
- A. 7.32 to 7.42; 25 to 2
- B. 7.32 to 7.42; 28 to 2
- C. 7.35 to 7.45; 20 to 1
- D. 7.35 to 7.45; 30 to 1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal blood pH range is 7.35–7.45, reflecting a bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio of approximately 20:1.
is a gaseous by-product of natural gas combustion plant hormone
- A. auxin
- B. Gibberellins
- C. Ethylene
- D. All above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ethylene. Ethylene is indeed a gaseous plant hormone produced during the combustion of natural gas. It plays a crucial role in various plant processes such as fruit ripening, senescence, and stress responses.
A: Auxin is not a gaseous hormone and is primarily involved in promoting cell elongation and root growth.
B: Gibberellins are not gaseous hormones and mainly regulate plant growth processes like stem elongation and seed germination.
D: The statement "All above" is incorrect as auxin and gibberellins are not gaseous hormones, only ethylene fits the description.
Therefore, choice C, Ethylene, is the correct answer as it is the gaseous by-product of natural gas combustion and a plant hormone.
What is the outcome of clonal selection after a lymphocyte is activated?
- A. Cytokine suppression
- B. Formation of memory and effector cells
- C. Antigen elimination without cellular proliferation
- D. Destruction of the lymphocyte
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because clonal selection during lymphocyte activation leads to the formation of memory and effector cells. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the activated lymphocyte into these specialized cells, which play crucial roles in immune responses upon encountering the same antigen in the future. Cytokine suppression (choice A) is not the direct outcome of clonal selection but may be a regulatory mechanism during immune responses. Antigen elimination without cellular proliferation (choice C) is not accurate as clonal selection involves the expansion of specific lymphocyte clones. Destruction of the lymphocyte (choice D) is not the outcome of clonal selection, as activated lymphocytes undergo proliferation and differentiation rather than destruction.
What is NOT true about innate immunity?
- A. Innate cells are immediately active, do not need clonal amplification or differentiation
- B. Innate cells can respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen
- C. Innate receptors recognizing pathogens do not have a fine specificity but rather recognize structures broadly found in different microbes
- D. Innate receptors can also recognize modified-self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immune cells do not respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen. This is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. During a second encounter, adaptive immune cells produce a faster and stronger response due to memory cells formed during the initial exposure. In contrast, innate immune cells do not have memory cells and their response remains the same upon repeated encounters. Choice A is correct as innate cells are immediately active and do not require clonal amplification or differentiation. Choice C is correct as innate receptors recognize broad structures on pathogens. Choice D is correct as innate receptors can recognize modified-self, such as in autoimmune diseases.
L-Selectin is
- A. Expressed on effector T cells
- B. Expressed on HEV
- C. Expressed on naïve T cells
- D. Required to extravasate into tissues
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Expressed on naïve T cells. L-Selectin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of naïve T cells. It plays a crucial role in the initial attachment of T cells to high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymphoid tissues, facilitating T cell entry into lymph nodes. It specifically binds to ligands on HEV, allowing T cells to extravasate into lymphoid tissues. Choice A is incorrect because L-Selectin is primarily expressed on naïve T cells rather than effector T cells. Choice B is incorrect as L-Selectin is expressed on HEV, not by them. Choice D is incorrect because L-Selectin is involved in the initial attachment of T cells to endothelial cells, rather than being required for extravasation into tissues.