Nokea
A nurse has presented an educational program to a community group on Lyme disease. What statement by a participant indicates the need to review the material?
- A. I should take precautions against ticks, especially in the summer.
- B. A red rash that looks like a bull's-eye may be one of the symptoms.
- C. If Lyme disease is not treated successfully, it is usually fatal.
- D. For Stage I disease, antibiotics are usually needed for 14 to 21 days.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Lyme disease is rarely fatal if treated promptly.
Step 2: Choice C states that Lyme disease is usually fatal if not treated successfully, which is incorrect.
Step 3: Therefore, this statement indicates a need for review as it spreads misinformation.
Step 4: Choices A, B, and D are accurate and align with the information provided in the educational program.
Step 5: In summary, the need to review the material is highlighted by the inaccurate statement in choice C, as the other choices provide correct information on Lyme disease.
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Which one of the following processes emerged earliest during the course of evolution?
- A. Antigen presentation
- B. Antibody production
- C. Phagocytosis
- D. Thymic education
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is a fundamental process that emerged early in evolution for cellular organisms to engulf and digest particles. This process is essential for basic survival and defense mechanisms.
A: Antigen presentation and B: Antibody production are more advanced immune responses that occur in higher organisms and require a complex immune system.
D: Thymic education is a process specific to vertebrates involving the maturation and selection of T cells, which is a more evolved mechanism compared to phagocytosis.
Therefore, phagocytosis is the earliest process among the options listed as it is essential for basic cellular survival and predates the development of advanced immune responses.
Which of the following sentences is NOT true about type I hypersensitivity reactions?
- A. Symptoms manifest in allergic individuals only after a second encounter with an allergen
- B. Food allergies can result in systemic anaphylaxis
- C. TH2 lymphocytes are involved in their development
- D. They can be classified as genetic disorders because they are caused by a single gene defect
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic reactions that occur upon initial exposure to an allergen, not just after a second encounter.
Step 2: Food allergies can lead to systemic anaphylaxis due to the rapid release of mediators like histamine.
Step 3: TH2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in the development of type I hypersensitivity reactions by promoting IgE production.
Step 4: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are not generally classified as genetic disorders since they result from an immune response to allergens, not a single gene defect.
What is the typical outcome of a C1q deficiency in the complement system?
- A. Enhanced inflammation
- B. Reduced phagocytosis
- C. Autoimmune diseases such as SLE
- D. Increased cancer risk
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases such as SLE. C1q is essential for the classical pathway of the complement system, which plays a crucial role in clearing immune complexes. A deficiency in C1q can lead to impaired immune complex clearance, resulting in the development of autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
Choice A (Enhanced inflammation) is incorrect because a deficiency in C1q would actually lead to decreased inflammation due to impaired complement activation.
Choice B (Reduced phagocytosis) is incorrect because phagocytosis is primarily mediated by the alternative pathway of the complement system, not the classical pathway involving C1q.
Choice D (Increased cancer risk) is incorrect as C1q deficiency is not directly associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Identify the following types of cells that do HIV preferentially infect.
- A. Memory cells
- B. Helper T cells
- C. Cytotoxic T cells
- D. Natural killer cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Helper T cells. HIV preferentially infects Helper T cells because they express the CD4 receptor, which serves as the primary binding site for the virus. Once infected, HIV impairs the Helper T cells' function, leading to immune system dysfunction. Memory cells (A), Cytotoxic T cells (C), and Natural killer cells (D) are not the primary targets of HIV infection as they do not express the CD4 receptor necessary for HIV entry and replication. Helper T cells are crucial for orchestrating immune responses, making them the primary target for HIV infection.
What is a key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. Innate immunity develops memory
- B. Adaptive immunity is always functional
- C. Innate immunity is rapid and non-specific
- D. Adaptive immunity does not require activation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Innate immunity is rapid: It provides immediate defense against pathogens.
2. Innate immunity is non-specific: It reacts in the same way to all pathogens.
3. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is slower and pathogen-specific.
4. Adaptive immunity develops memory to provide long-lasting protection.
Summary:
A: Innate immunity does not develop memory; adaptive immunity does.
B: Adaptive immunity may not always be functional due to various factors.
D: Adaptive immunity requires activation through exposure to specific antigens.