Nokea
Which major advantage is specific to external fixation devices?
- A. Faster healing time
- B. Allowance for immediate weight bearing
- C. Greater freedom of movement
- D. Pain reduction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Greater freedom of movement. External fixation devices provide this advantage by allowing for adjustability and mobility of the affected limb. This is crucial for rehabilitation and preventing joint stiffness. Choice A (Faster healing time) is not specific to external fixation devices and can vary case by case. Choice B (Allowance for immediate weight bearing) may not always be recommended due to the complexity of the injury. Choice D (Pain reduction) is not a major advantage of external fixation devices, as they primarily focus on stabilizing fractures rather than directly reducing pain.
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What did Paul Ehrlich predict in immunology?
- A. Existence of antibodies and their ability to bind toxins
- B. Discovery of germ theory
- C. Smallpox eradication
- D. Development of vaccines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Paul Ehrlich predicted the existence of antibodies and their ability to bind toxins. He introduced the concept of the side-chain theory, proposing that cells have specific receptors (later known as antibodies) that can bind to toxins and neutralize them. This groundbreaking idea laid the foundation for modern immunology. Ehrlich's work was instrumental in understanding the immune response and paved the way for advancements in vaccine development and disease treatment.
Choice B (Discovery of germ theory) is incorrect because it was proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, not Paul Ehrlich. Choice C (Smallpox eradication) is incorrect as Ehrlich did not predict smallpox eradication. Choice D (Development of vaccines) is incorrect because while Ehrlich's work contributed to vaccine development, his specific prediction was about antibodies and their toxin-binding ability, not vaccines in general.
What stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?
- A. Excessive water intake
- B. Increased serum osmolality
- C. Decreased serum potassium
- D. Decreased sodium and water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by decreased sodium and water levels (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation) and low blood pressure.
What is the role of a nurse during the scratch test to detect allergies?
- A. Applying the liquid test antigen
- B. Measuring the length and width of the raised wheal
- C. Determining the type of allergy
- D. Documenting the findings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse measures the size of the wheal and flare reaction to determine the severity of the allergic response.
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
- A. Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L
- B. Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L
- C. Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL
- D. Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mEq/L) poses significant risks including dehydration, neurological symptoms, and seizures.
What is NOT true about innate immunity?
- A. Innate cells are immediately active, do not need clonal amplification or differentiation
- B. Innate cells can respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen
- C. Innate receptors recognizing pathogens do not have a fine specificity but rather recognize structures broadly found in different microbes
- D. Innate receptors can also recognize modified-self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immune cells do not respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen. This is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. During a second encounter, adaptive immune cells produce a faster and stronger response due to memory cells formed during the initial exposure. In contrast, innate immune cells do not have memory cells and their response remains the same upon repeated encounters. Choice A is correct as innate cells are immediately active and do not require clonal amplification or differentiation. Choice C is correct as innate receptors recognize broad structures on pathogens. Choice D is correct as innate receptors can recognize modified-self, such as in autoimmune diseases.