Nokea
The primary mode of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis is:
- A. Relaxed posture for comfort.
- B. Strict bed rest.
- C. Physical therapy.
- D. Respiratory therapy.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical therapy is the primary mode of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis as it helps maintain joint mobility and flexibility. While respiratory therapy may be beneficial in some cases, physical therapy addresses the core issues related to stiffness and pain.
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What is the role of a nurse during the scratch test to detect allergies?
- A. Applying the liquid test antigen
- B. Measuring the length and width of the raised wheal
- C. Determining the type of allergy
- D. Documenting the findings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse measures the size of the wheal and flare reaction to determine the severity of the allergic response.
All of the following are true with respect to IgM antibodies EXCEPT which one
- A. they fix complement
- B. they occur on the surface of lymphocytes
- C. they predominate in the primary response to antigen
- D. mediate allergic reactions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. IgM antibodies do not mediate allergic reactions. IgE antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions. IgM antibodies fix complement, occur on the surface of lymphocytes, and predominate in the primary response to antigens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, playing a key role in the activation of the complement system. IgM antibodies are mainly found in the blood and lymphatic system, not on the surface of lymphocytes. IgE antibodies are the primary mediators of allergic reactions by triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules.
In the late 1890s, 'cellularists' and 'humoralists' were intensively arguing about the key components driving the immune response. What was a crucial finding that led the humoralists to dominate the field in the following 50 years?
- A. The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease
- B. The discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity from an immunized animal to a non-immunized one
- C. The discovery of the tuberculin reaction
- D. The determination of the antibody structure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity. This finding led humoralists to dominate because it supported the idea of circulating antibodies in the serum being responsible for immunity. This concept aligned with the humoralist theory, which focused on the role of antibodies in immune response. The ability of cell-free serum to transfer immunity provided direct evidence for humoralists' beliefs.
Choice A (The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease) is incorrect because while it was a significant advancement in understanding disease, it did not directly impact the argument between cellularists and humoralists regarding the immune response.
Choice C (The discovery of the tuberculin reaction) is incorrect as it was more relevant to the understanding of the immune response to tuberculosis specifically, rather than the broader debate between cellularists and humoralists.
Choice D (The determination of the antibody structure) is incorrect because while understanding antibody structure is crucial, it did not have as direct an impact on the dominance of
What is a key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. Innate immunity develops memory
- B. Adaptive immunity is always functional
- C. Innate immunity is rapid and non-specific
- D. Adaptive immunity does not require activation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Innate immunity is rapid: It provides immediate defense against pathogens.
2. Innate immunity is non-specific: It reacts in the same way to all pathogens.
3. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is slower and pathogen-specific.
4. Adaptive immunity develops memory to provide long-lasting protection.
Summary:
A: Innate immunity does not develop memory; adaptive immunity does.
B: Adaptive immunity may not always be functional due to various factors.
D: Adaptive immunity requires activation through exposure to specific antigens.
The differentiation of activated Th cells into various effector subsets depends mostly on:
- A. Signal 1 of activation
- B. The influence of polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells
- C. Whether the T cell expresses CD4 or CD8
- D. The duration of signaling induced by TCR binding to peptide-MHC
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells play a crucial role in determining the differentiation of activated Th cells into specific effector subsets. These cytokines guide the Th cells towards different functional phenotypes, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg cells. This process helps tailor the immune response to the specific type of pathogen encountered. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while signal 1 of activation, T cell receptor co-receptors, and duration of signaling are important factors in T cell activation and differentiation, they do not have as direct and significant an impact on effector subset differentiation as the influence of polarizing cytokines.