Nokea
Vibrations from the sound waves are amplified by
- A. the eardrum
- B. Anvi
- C. Stirrup
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All above. The vibrations from sound waves are amplified by the eardrum, Anvil (also known as the Incus), and Stirrup (also known as the Stapes), which are the three tiny bones in the middle ear. The sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibration is then transmitted through the Anvil to the Stirrup, which amplifies the vibrations and sends them to the inner ear. Each of these three components plays a crucial role in the process of amplifying sound vibrations for better auditory perception. Therefore, all three choices are correct in this context.
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Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity?
- A. Crohn's disease
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatous hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of granulomas in response to persistent antigen exposure. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving immune complex deposition and inflammation, not granuloma formation. Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis are commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity due to their chronic inflammatory nature and granuloma formation in affected tissues. SLE does not typically present with granulomas, making it the correct answer.
In a patient with leukocytosis with a shift to the left, what does the nurse recognize as causing this finding?
- A. The complement system has been activated to enhance phagocytosis.
- B. Monocytes are released into the blood in larger-than-normal amounts.
- C. The response to cellular injury is not adequate to remove damaged tissue and promote healing.
- D. The demand for neutrophils causes the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 'shift to the left' refers to an increase in immature neutrophils in circulation, which occurs when there is a high demand for neutrophils due to infection or inflammation. This phenomenon indicates that the bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils to meet the body's needs.
A naïve lymphocyte:
- A. Does not yet express antigen receptors
- B. Is not yet considered mature
- C. Has not yet been activated by antigen
- D. Is found only in primary lymphoid tissues
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Naïve lymphocytes have antigen receptors but have not been activated by antigen.
2. Activation is necessary for their differentiation into effector cells.
3. Naïve lymphocytes are considered mature as they have completed development.
4. They circulate in secondary lymphoid tissues, not just primary lymphoid tissues.
Summary:
Choice C is correct because naïve lymphocytes have antigen receptors but have not been activated by antigen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because naïve lymphocytes do express antigen receptors, are considered mature, and can be found in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.
What is a characteristic feature of atopy?
- A. Tendency to produce IgE in response to allergens
- B. Excess production of IgA antibodies
- C. Suppressed immune response to allergens
- D. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Atopy is a genetic predisposition to produce IgE antibodies in response to allergens.
2. IgE antibodies play a crucial role in allergic reactions.
3. Individuals with atopy have an exaggerated immune response to allergens.
4. Excess production of IgA antibodies (B) and suppressed immune response to allergens (C) are not characteristic features of atopy.
5. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (D) involve a different immune mechanism compared to the immediate IgE-mediated response in atopy.
How do cytokines typically function in the body?
- A. In an endocrine manner
- B. In an autocrine and paracrine manner
- C. Solely by direct contact with pathogens
- D. By degrading immune cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cytokines primarily function in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell produces a cytokine that acts on the same cell, while paracrine signaling involves cytokines acting on nearby cells. This allows cytokines to regulate immune responses locally. Option A is incorrect as endocrine signaling involves hormones acting on distant target cells via the bloodstream, which is not the primary function of cytokines. Option C is incorrect because cytokines do not require direct contact with pathogens to function. Option D is incorrect as cytokines do not degrade immune cells but rather regulate immune responses.