Which if the following concerned Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is NOT true
- A. Both women and men are infected
- B. It can cause cervical cancer
- C. The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine
- D. HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: The correct answer is E, as it states that the question is asking for a statement that is NOT true regarding HPV. Choices A, B, C, and D are all true statements about HPV. A) Both women and men can be infected with HPV. B) HPV can indeed cause cervical cancer. C) The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine. D) HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome. Therefore, the only option left, E, is the correct answer as it contradicts the true statements provided in the other choices.
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What role do the B-complex vitamins play in wound healing?
- A. Decrease metabolism
- B. Protect protein from being used for energy
- C. Provide metabolic energy for the inflammatory process
- D. Coenzymes for fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: B-complex vitamins support energy production, which fuels the inflammatory and reparative processes during wound healing.
What stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?
- A. Excessive water intake
- B. Increased serum osmolality
- C. Decreased serum potassium
- D. Decreased sodium and water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by decreased sodium and water levels (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation) and low blood pressure.
What is the significance of isotype switching in B cells?
- A. It enables the production of IgM only
- B. It enhances antibody affinity for antigens
- C. It changes the constant region to produce different antibody isotypes
- D. It eliminates antigen-specific B cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Isotype switching in B cells involves changing the constant region to produce different antibody isotypes, such as IgG, IgA, or IgE. This is important for diversifying the functions of antibodies without altering antigen specificity. It allows for different effector functions, such as opsonization, neutralization, or complement activation. This process does not eliminate antigen-specific B cells, as it maintains the immunological memory. Isotype switching does not directly affect antibody affinity for antigens, which is primarily determined by somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. It is not limited to producing IgM only, as B cells can switch to other isotypes based on the cytokine microenvironment.
In the late 1890s, 'cellularists' and 'humoralists' were intensively arguing about the key components driving the immune response. What was a crucial finding that led the humoralists to dominate the field in the following 50 years?
- A. The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease
- B. The discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity from an immunized animal to a non-immunized one
- C. The discovery of the tuberculin reaction
- D. The determination of the antibody structure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity. This finding led humoralists to dominate because it supported the idea of circulating antibodies in the serum being responsible for immunity. This concept aligned with the humoralist theory, which focused on the role of antibodies in immune response. The ability of cell-free serum to transfer immunity provided direct evidence for humoralists' beliefs.
Choice A (The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease) is incorrect because while it was a significant advancement in understanding disease, it did not directly impact the argument between cellularists and humoralists regarding the immune response.
Choice C (The discovery of the tuberculin reaction) is incorrect as it was more relevant to the understanding of the immune response to tuberculosis specifically, rather than the broader debate between cellularists and humoralists.
Choice D (The determination of the antibody structure) is incorrect because while understanding antibody structure is crucial, it did not have as direct an impact on the dominance of
Smack' is a drug obtained from the:
- A. latex of Papaver somniferum
- B. leaves of Cannabis sativa
- C. flowers of Dhatura
- D. fruits of Erythroxylum coca
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Smack is a street name for heroin, which is derived from the latex of Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy. The latex of this plant contains morphine and codeine, which are the main components of heroin. Cannabis sativa (B) refers to marijuana, not smack. Dhatura (C) and Erythroxylum coca (D) are sources of other drugs like scopolamine and cocaine, respectively, not heroin. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it corresponds to the actual source of smack/heroin.