Nokea
The Ig class found in breast milk is
- A. IgA
- B. IgM
- C. IgD
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgA. IgA is found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in providing immunity to the infant. It helps protect against infections in the digestive and respiratory tracts. IgM is primarily found in the bloodstream, IgD is mainly on the surface of B cells, and IgG is transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy. IgA is the specific immunoglobulin class present in breast milk, making it the correct choice.
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In the late 1890s, 'cellularists' and 'humoralists' were intensively arguing about the key components driving the immune response. What was a crucial finding that led the humoralists to dominate the field in the following 50 years?
- A. The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease
- B. The discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity from an immunized animal to a non-immunized one
- C. The discovery of the tuberculin reaction
- D. The determination of the antibody structure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity. This finding led humoralists to dominate because it supported the idea of circulating antibodies in the serum being responsible for immunity. This concept aligned with the humoralist theory, which focused on the role of antibodies in immune response. The ability of cell-free serum to transfer immunity provided direct evidence for humoralists' beliefs.
Choice A (The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease) is incorrect because while it was a significant advancement in understanding disease, it did not directly impact the argument between cellularists and humoralists regarding the immune response.
Choice C (The discovery of the tuberculin reaction) is incorrect as it was more relevant to the understanding of the immune response to tuberculosis specifically, rather than the broader debate between cellularists and humoralists.
Choice D (The determination of the antibody structure) is incorrect because while understanding antibody structure is crucial, it did not have as direct an impact on the dominance of
The primary mode of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis is:
- A. Relaxed posture for comfort.
- B. Strict bed rest.
- C. Physical therapy.
- D. Respiratory therapy.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical therapy is the primary mode of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis as it helps maintain joint mobility and flexibility. While respiratory therapy may be beneficial in some cases, physical therapy addresses the core issues related to stiffness and pain.
All of the following are true with respect to IgM antibodies EXCEPT which one
- A. they fix complement
- B. they occur on the surface of lymphocytes
- C. they predominate in the primary response to antigen
- D. mediate allergic reactions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. IgM antibodies do not mediate allergic reactions. IgE antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions. IgM antibodies fix complement, occur on the surface of lymphocytes, and predominate in the primary response to antigens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, playing a key role in the activation of the complement system. IgM antibodies are mainly found in the blood and lymphatic system, not on the surface of lymphocytes. IgE antibodies are the primary mediators of allergic reactions by triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules.
Smack' is a drug obtained from the:
- A. latex of Papaver somniferum
- B. leaves of Cannabis sativa
- C. flowers of Dhatura
- D. fruits of Erythroxylum coca
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Smack is a street name for heroin, which is derived from the latex of Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy. The latex of this plant contains morphine and codeine, which are the main components of heroin. Cannabis sativa (B) refers to marijuana, not smack. Dhatura (C) and Erythroxylum coca (D) are sources of other drugs like scopolamine and cocaine, respectively, not heroin. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it corresponds to the actual source of smack/heroin.
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary immune response and forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens?
- A. IgA
- B. IgD
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response and plays a key role in responding to blood group antigens.