Nokea
Drugs aimed at blocking the budding of HIV from the host cell
- A. Are RT inhibitors
- B. Should target gp120
- C. Should target HIV co-receptors
- D. Are protease inhibitors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Are protease inhibitors. Blocking HIV budding involves inhibiting the action of the viral protease enzyme, which is crucial for processing viral proteins into their functional forms. By targeting protease, the virus cannot mature and infect new cells. RT inhibitors (A) target reverse transcriptase, not budding. Targeting gp120 (B) is focused on viral entry, not budding. Targeting HIV co-receptors (C) is aimed at blocking viral entry, not budding.
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To which cellular location would you expect NFkB to move in macrophages that have been stimulated with LPS?
- A. To the cytoplasm
- B. To phagosomes
- C. To the nucleus
- D. To the cell membrane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To the nucleus. When macrophages are stimulated with LPS, NFkB is activated and translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, NFkB regulates the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because NFkB does not primarily move to the cytoplasm, phagosomes, or cell membrane in response to LPS stimulation in macrophages.
Which of the following causes memory cells to convert to plasma cells?
- A. An organ transplant
- B. Release of lymphokines
- C. Re-exposure to a specific antigen
- D. Initial exposure to an antigen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Memory cells convert to plasma cells upon re-exposure to a specific antigen which triggers a rapid and robust immune response.
Which characteristic corresponds with the acute stage of HIV infection?
- A. Burkitt’s lymphoma
- B. Temporary fall of CD4+ T cells
- C. Persistent fevers and night sweats
- D. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the acute stage of HIV infection, there is a temporary decline in CD4+ T cell counts followed by rebounding levels. Symptoms such as fever and night sweats may occur but are not definitive characteristics of this stage.
For which type of malignancy should the nurse expect the use of the intravesical route of regional chemotherapy delivery?
- A. Bladder
- B. Leukemia
- C. Osteogenic sarcoma
- D. Metastasis to the brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intravesical chemotherapy is used for bladder cancer to deliver drugs directly into the bladder.
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
- A. Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L
- B. Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L
- C. Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL
- D. Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mEq/L) poses significant risks including dehydration, neurological symptoms, and seizures.