Nokea
What is NOT true about innate immunity?
- A. Innate cells are immediately active, do not need clonal amplification or differentiation
- B. Innate cells can respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen
- C. Innate receptors recognizing pathogens do not have a fine specificity but rather recognize structures broadly found in different microbes
- D. Innate receptors can also recognize modified-self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immune cells do not respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen. This is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. During a second encounter, adaptive immune cells produce a faster and stronger response due to memory cells formed during the initial exposure. In contrast, innate immune cells do not have memory cells and their response remains the same upon repeated encounters. Choice A is correct as innate cells are immediately active and do not require clonal amplification or differentiation. Choice C is correct as innate receptors recognize broad structures on pathogens. Choice D is correct as innate receptors can recognize modified-self, such as in autoimmune diseases.
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Which major advantage is specific to external fixation devices?
- A. Faster healing time
- B. Allowance for immediate weight bearing
- C. Greater freedom of movement
- D. Pain reduction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Greater freedom of movement. External fixation devices provide this advantage by allowing for adjustability and mobility of the affected limb. This is crucial for rehabilitation and preventing joint stiffness. Choice A (Faster healing time) is not specific to external fixation devices and can vary case by case. Choice B (Allowance for immediate weight bearing) may not always be recommended due to the complexity of the injury. Choice D (Pain reduction) is not a major advantage of external fixation devices, as they primarily focus on stabilizing fractures rather than directly reducing pain.
Vibrations from the sound waves are amplified by
- A. the eardrum
- B. Anvi
- C. Stirrup
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All above. The vibrations from sound waves are amplified by the eardrum, Anvil (also known as the Incus), and Stirrup (also known as the Stapes), which are the three tiny bones in the middle ear. The sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibration is then transmitted through the Anvil to the Stirrup, which amplifies the vibrations and sends them to the inner ear. Each of these three components plays a crucial role in the process of amplifying sound vibrations for better auditory perception. Therefore, all three choices are correct in this context.
What is the normal pH range of the blood and what ratio of base to acid does this reflect?
- A. 7.32 to 7.42; 25 to 2
- B. 7.32 to 7.42; 28 to 2
- C. 7.35 to 7.45; 20 to 1
- D. 7.35 to 7.45; 30 to 1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal blood pH range is 7.35–7.45, reflecting a bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio of approximately 20:1.
A 20-year-old patient has a family history of colon cancer. Genetic testing shows he has the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis. What should the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Change his diet
- B. Have annual colonoscopies
- C. Consider a referral for gene therapy
- D. Not to have children so they will not be affected
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Regular colonoscopies are crucial for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis.
The nurse is caring for a patient being tested for rheumatoid arthritis. In reviewing laboratory values, which should the nurse recognize as being diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis?
- A. C-reactive protein = 12 mg/L
- B. Rheumatoid factor is negative.
- C. White blood cells = 6000/mm3
- D. Antinuclear antibody test is negative.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an elevated C-reactive protein level indicates inflammation, which is a key feature of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor (choice B) is positive in only 70-80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, so a negative result does not rule out the disease. White blood cell count (choice C) and antinuclear antibody test (choice D) are not specific to rheumatoid arthritis. In summary, an elevated C-reactive protein level is a more reliable indicator of the disease compared to the other options provided.