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A patient has come to the ambulatory care clinic with a sprain. The nurse correctly differentiates a grade 2 sprain from a grade 3 sprain with the assessment of which finding?
- A. Pain
- B. Swelling
- C. Bleeding into the joint
- D. Minor loss of function
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Minor loss of function. A grade 2 sprain involves partial tearing of the ligament, leading to moderate pain, swelling, and a significant loss of function. In contrast, a grade 3 sprain involves complete tearing of the ligament, resulting in severe pain, significant swelling, and major loss of function. By assessing for minor loss of function, the nurse can differentiate between the two grades of sprains. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not specifically differentiate between a grade 2 and grade 3 sprain based on the level of functional impairment.
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Smack' is a drug obtained from the:
- A. latex of Papaver somniferum
- B. leaves of Cannabis sativa
- C. flowers of Dhatura
- D. fruits of Erythroxylum coca
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Smack is a street name for heroin, which is derived from the latex of Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy. The latex of this plant contains morphine and codeine, which are the main components of heroin. Cannabis sativa (B) refers to marijuana, not smack. Dhatura (C) and Erythroxylum coca (D) are sources of other drugs like scopolamine and cocaine, respectively, not heroin. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it corresponds to the actual source of smack/heroin.
The patient has received a bone marrow transplant. Soon after the transplant there is a rash on the patient’s skin. She says her skin is itchy and she has severe abdominal pain. What best summarizes what is happening to the patient and how she will be treated?
- A. Graft rejection occurring; treat with different immunosuppressive agents
- B. Dry skin and nausea are side effects of immunosuppresants; decrease the dose
- C. Transplanted bone marrow is rejecting her tissue; prevent with immunosuppressive agents
- D. Dry skin from the dry air and nausea from the food in the hospital; treat with humidifier and home food
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient is likely experiencing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where transplanted cells attack the host tissue. This is treated with immunosuppressive agents.
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
- A. Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L
- B. Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L
- C. Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL
- D. Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mEq/L) poses significant risks including dehydration, neurological symptoms, and seizures.
Rolling circle replication refers to:
- A. DNA replication in every prokaryotic cell division
- B. DNA transfer during conjugation
- C. mitosis
- D. meiosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rolling circle replication is a mechanism commonly observed in DNA transfer during bacterial conjugation. The process involves the transfer of a single strand of DNA that acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand in the recipient cell. This results in the formation of a circular DNA molecule in the recipient cell. This mechanism is distinct from the semiconservative replication seen in prokaryotic cell division (Choice A), the cell division process of mitosis (Choice C), and the reduction division of meiosis (Choice D). Rolling circle replication is specific to the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation, making Choice B the correct answer.
Identify the correct statement(s). In eukaryotic microorganisms:
- A. mRNA is short-lived (minutes).
- B. a single, circular chromosome is present.
- C. 5s, 16s, and 23s ribosomal RNA's are present.
- D. extrachromosomal DNA can be present.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because extrachromosomal DNA, such as plasmids, can be present in eukaryotic microorganisms. This is true for certain organisms like yeast and some fungi. These DNA molecules are separate from the main chromosomal DNA and can carry additional genetic information.
A: mRNA in eukaryotic microorganisms is not short-lived; it can have varying lifespans depending on the specific mRNA molecule and cellular conditions.
B: Eukaryotic microorganisms typically have multiple linear chromosomes, not a single circular chromosome.
C: While 5s, 16s, and 23s ribosomal RNAs are present in prokaryotic organisms, eukaryotic microorganisms have different types of ribosomal RNA subunits.