Nokea
Prophylactic measures that are routinely used as early as possible in HIV infection to prevent opportunistic and debilitating secondary problems include administration of
- A. isoniazid (INH) to prevent tuberculosis
- B. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) for toxoplasmosis
- C. vaccines for pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, and hepatitis A and B
- D. varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) to prevent chickenpox or shingles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vaccination protects against preventable infections that can become severe in immunocompromised individuals.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which if the following concerned Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is NOT true
- A. Both women and men are infected
- B. It can cause cervical cancer
- C. The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine
- D. HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: The correct answer is E, as it states that the question is asking for a statement that is NOT true regarding HPV. Choices A, B, C, and D are all true statements about HPV. A) Both women and men can be infected with HPV. B) HPV can indeed cause cervical cancer. C) The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine. D) HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome. Therefore, the only option left, E, is the correct answer as it contradicts the true statements provided in the other choices.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
- A. Spleen
- B. Thymus
- C. Lymph node
- D. Mucosal immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. The thymus is considered a primary lymphoid organ because it is where T lymphocytes (T cells) mature and differentiate. T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. The thymus is responsible for educating T cells to recognize self versus non-self antigens.
Summary:
A: Spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in filtering blood and producing antibodies, not where T cells mature.
C: Lymph node is also a secondary lymphoid organ where immune cells interact but not where T cells mature.
D: Mucosal immune system refers to the immune system in mucosal tissues, not a specific primary lymphoid organ.
Drugs aimed at blocking the budding of HIV from the host cell
- A. Are RT inhibitors
- B. Should target gp120
- C. Should target HIV co-receptors
- D. Are protease inhibitors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Are protease inhibitors. Blocking HIV budding involves inhibiting the action of the viral protease enzyme, which is crucial for processing viral proteins into their functional forms. By targeting protease, the virus cannot mature and infect new cells. RT inhibitors (A) target reverse transcriptase, not budding. Targeting gp120 (B) is focused on viral entry, not budding. Targeting HIV co-receptors (C) is aimed at blocking viral entry, not budding.
In which of the following locations can IgA be found?
- A. In the intestinal lumen
- B. In the lamina propria
- C. In vesicles of enterocytes
- D. In all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgA can be found in the intestinal lumen, lamina propria, and vesicles of enterocytes. IgA is produced by plasma cells in the lamina propria and transported across the epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen where it provides mucosal immunity. It can also be found in vesicles of enterocytes before secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is D as IgA is present in all of the mentioned locations. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually as they only represent specific locations where IgA can be found, not all the locations where IgA is present in the gastrointestinal tract.
What are the two main outcomes of clonal selection?
- A. T cell activation and cytokine suppression
- B. Differentiation into effector and memory cells
- C. Pathogen destruction and tissue repair
- D. Phagocytosis and complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Differentiation into effector and memory cells. During clonal selection, activated lymphocytes undergo differentiation into effector cells that combat the current infection and memory cells that provide long-lasting immunity. Effector cells directly eliminate pathogens, while memory cells remember the specific pathogen for future encounters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the main outcomes of clonal selection. T cell activation and cytokine suppression (A) are processes involved in immune response regulation rather than the direct outcomes of clonal selection. Pathogen destruction and tissue repair (C) are broader immune responses that occur after clonal selection. Phagocytosis and complement activation (D) involve innate immune responses, not the adaptive immune responses seen in clonal selection.