Nokea
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
- A. Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L
- B. Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L
- C. Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL
- D. Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mEq/L) poses significant risks including dehydration, neurological symptoms, and seizures.
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Which of the following would provide an individual with passive immunity to 'Pathogen X'?
- A. Inoculation with a vaccine against Pathogen X
- B. Infection with Pathogen X
- C. Transfer to the individual of serum from someone who has survived an infection with Pathogen X
- D. Living amongst others who have been immunized against Pathogen X
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, transfer of serum from someone who has survived an infection with Pathogen X. This provides passive immunity through the transfer of antibodies from the immune individual to the recipient, offering immediate protection. Choice A involves active immunity through vaccination, which requires the individual's immune response to produce antibodies. Choice B involves active infection, not passive immunity. Choice D mentions living amongst immunized individuals, which may confer herd immunity but does not provide passive immunity on an individual level.
What is the normal pH range of the blood and what ratio of base to acid does this reflect?
- A. 7.32 to 7.42; 25 to 2
- B. 7.32 to 7.42; 28 to 2
- C. 7.35 to 7.45; 20 to 1
- D. 7.35 to 7.45; 30 to 1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal blood pH range is 7.35–7.45, reflecting a bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio of approximately 20:1.
The patient has received a bone marrow transplant. Soon after the transplant there is a rash on the patient’s skin. She says her skin is itchy and she has severe abdominal pain. What best summarizes what is happening to the patient and how she will be treated?
- A. Graft rejection occurring; treat with different immunosuppressive agents
- B. Dry skin and nausea are side effects of immunosuppresants; decrease the dose
- C. Transplanted bone marrow is rejecting her tissue; prevent with immunosuppressive agents
- D. Dry skin from the dry air and nausea from the food in the hospital; treat with humidifier and home food
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient is likely experiencing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where transplanted cells attack the host tissue. This is treated with immunosuppressive agents.
The Ig class found in breast milk is
- A. IgA
- B. IgM
- C. IgD
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgA. IgA is found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in providing immunity to the infant. It helps protect against infections in the digestive and respiratory tracts. IgM is primarily found in the bloodstream, IgD is mainly on the surface of B cells, and IgG is transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy. IgA is the specific immunoglobulin class present in breast milk, making it the correct choice.
Which of the following is NOT true concerned with Leishmania
- A. It is a unicellular parasite
- B. Proliferates inside phagocytic cells
- C. Transmitted by sand flies
- D. Protection is mainly mediated by IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because protection against Leishmania is mainly mediated by cell-mediated immune responses, not IgE antibodies. IgE is not typically involved in protection against intracellular parasites like Leishmania. A: Leishmania is indeed a unicellular parasite. B: Leishmania proliferates inside phagocytic cells, particularly macrophages. C: Leishmania is transmitted by sand flies during blood meals.