Nokea
A client is in the family practice clinic reporting a severe cold that started 4 days ago. On examination the nurse notes that the client also has a severe headache and muscle aches. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Educate the client on oseltamivir.
- B. Facilitate admission to the hospital.
- C. Instruct the client to have a flu vaccine.
- D. Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve. This action is best because the client is showing symptoms of a cold, which is typically caused by a virus spread through respiratory droplets. Instructing the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve can help prevent the spread of the virus to others. Choice A is incorrect because oseltamivir is used to treat influenza, not the common cold. Choice B is unnecessary as hospital admission is not typically warranted for a cold. Choice C is also incorrect as the client is already sick and a flu vaccine would not be effective at this point in time.
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The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
- A. venous blood
- B. alveolar air
- C. expired air
- D. inspired air
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: venous blood. In the body, carbon dioxide is carried in the blood, primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions. Venous blood, returning from tissues to the heart, has higher levels of carbon dioxide compared to arterial blood. This results in a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood. Alveolar air (B) has a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to gas exchange in the lungs, while expired air (C) has even lower levels as carbon dioxide is exhaled. Inspired air (D) has the lowest partial pressure of carbon dioxide as it has not yet entered the body.
Following a motor vehicle accident, the nurse assesses the driver for which distinctive sign of flail chest?
- A. Severe hypotension
- B. Chest pain over ribs
- C. Absence of breath sounds
- D. Paradoxical chest movement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Flail chest is characterized by paradoxical chest movement, where a segment of the chest wall moves in the opposite direction during breathing. This can lead to respiratory compromise and requires careful monitoring and management.
What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway?
- A. skeletal muscle
- B. smooth muscle
- C. cardiac muscle
- D. voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is the type of muscle that wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can contract or relax to change the diameter of the airway. This allows for regulation of airflow in the respiratory system. Skeletal muscle (choice A) is attached to bones and is under voluntary control, not found in the bronchioles. Cardiac muscle (choice C) is specific to the heart and does not control airway diameter. Voluntary muscle (choice D) refers to skeletal muscle, which is not present in the bronchioles and does not regulate airway diameter involuntarily.
The nurse is assessing the patient with influenza. The patient reports having general malaise and aching muscles over the past 2 weeks. The nurse suspects that the patient may have developed which complication of influenza?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Bacterial pneumonia
- C. Urinary infection
- D. Encephalitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bacterial pneumonia. Influenza can weaken the immune system, making the patient more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia, such as persistent cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing, align with the patient's reported general malaise and muscle aches. Bronchitis (A) is a common complication of influenza but is usually characterized by cough with or without phlegm. Urinary infection (C) and encephalitis (D) are less likely in this scenario as the patient's symptoms are more indicative of a respiratory complication.
The 'Adams' Apple' is the:
- A. thyroid cartilage.
- B. cricoid cartilage.
- C. corniculate cartilage.
- D. cuneiform cartilage.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The 'Adams' Apple' is the prominent bulge in the front of the neck and corresponds to the thyroid cartilage. This cartilage forms the largest part of the larynx and is more prominent in males due to hormonal differences. The cricoid cartilage (Choice B) is located below the thyroid cartilage. Corniculate cartilage (Choice C) and cuneiform cartilage (Choice D) are smaller cartilages in the larynx and are not responsible for the 'Adams' Apple' prominence.