Nokea
Bovine tuberculosis is transmitted from cow to man through
- A. Contact
- B. Milk
- C. Contamination of water with infected urine
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contact. Bovine tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected cows, such as through inhalation of respiratory droplets or consumption of contaminated milk. It is less commonly transmitted through consumption of infected meat or contamination of water with infected urine. Contact with infected animals poses the highest risk for transmission due to the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis being present in respiratory secretions and excretions of infected cows.
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Hemoglobin
- A. tends to give up oxygen in regions where partial pressure of oxygen exceeds that in the lungs.
- B. tends to hold onto oxygen when the pH of the blood drops.
- C. tends to release oxygen where the temperature is lower.
- D. releases oxygen more readily in highly active tissues.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily in highly active tissues due to increased metabolic demand for oxygen. This is known as the Bohr effect. Choice A is incorrect as hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs where oxygen partial pressure is high. Choice B is incorrect as hemoglobin actually releases oxygen in acidic conditions to increase oxygen delivery to tissues. Choice C is incorrect as hemoglobin releases oxygen in warmer areas to facilitate oxygen delivery to metabolically active tissues.
What is the main goal of treatment in heart failure?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To cure the underlying cause
- C. To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
- D. To induce weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. The main goal of treatment in heart failure is to manage symptoms, improve heart function, and enhance quality of life. This involves optimizing medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes devices or surgeries. Increasing blood pressure (A) is not the goal as high blood pressure can worsen heart failure. Curing the underlying cause (B) may not always be possible, so the focus is on managing symptoms. Inducing weight loss (D) may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary goal of treatment for heart failure.
A female patient suffers acute respiratory distress syndrome as a consequence of shock. The patient's condition deteriorates rapidly, and endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are initiated. When the high-pressure alarm on the mechanical ventilator, alarm sounds, the nurse starts to check for the cause. Which condition triggers the high-pressure alarm?
- A. Kinking of the ventilator tubing.
- B. A disconnected ventilator tube.
- C. An endotracheal cuff leak.
- D. A change in the oxygen concentration without resetting the oxygen level alarm.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kinking of the ventilator tubing. This condition can cause a blockage in the airflow, leading to increased pressure in the ventilator circuit, triggering the high-pressure alarm. Kinking restricts the flow of air, causing a buildup of pressure in the system. This situation can lead to inadequate ventilation and potential harm to the patient.
Choice B, a disconnected ventilator tube, would trigger a low-pressure alarm rather than a high-pressure alarm because the disconnection would result in a loss of pressure. Choice C, an endotracheal cuff leak, would not directly cause an increase in pressure within the ventilator circuit. Choice D, a change in oxygen concentration without resetting the alarm, would not trigger the high-pressure alarm but rather an oxygen alarm if the concentration falls outside the set range.
In summary, kinking of the ventilator tubing is the correct answer as it directly leads to increased pressure in the ventilator circuit, triggering the high-pressure alarm.
The nurse is caring for a client with a nasogastric tube that is attached to low suction. The nurse monitors the client knowing that the client is at risk for which acid-base disorder?
- A. Metabolic alkalosis
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Respiratory acidosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metabolic alkalosis. Low suction can lead to excessive loss of gastric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis due to an increase in bicarbonate levels. This is because the body compensates for the loss of acid by retaining bicarbonate. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because low suction does not directly affect metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, or respiratory acidosis.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has a pleural effusion and who underwent a thoracoscopic procedure earlier in the morning. The nurse should prioritize assessment for which of the following?
- A. Sputum production
- B. Shortness of breath
- C. Throat discomfort
- D. Epistaxis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shortness of breath. Following a thoracoscopic procedure for a pleural effusion, shortness of breath is a priority assessment as it could indicate complications such as pneumothorax or respiratory distress. Sputum production (A) may be important but is secondary to respiratory distress. Throat discomfort (C) and epistaxis (D) are not directly related to the procedure or potential complications and would not be the priority assessment in this scenario.