Nokea
A client newly diagnosed with diabetes tells the nurse, 'I can't take any insulin made from pigs or cows.' Which of the following responses by the nurse is best?
- A. Most insulin comes from animal sources, but I'm sure alternative options are available.'
- B. Medications that are derived from animals are typically less expensive than synthetic medications, but synthetic insulin is commonly available.'
- C. Most insulin is synthetic now to help reduce the risk of disease transmission.'
- D. The animals aren't hurt in the production of medications, so you don't need to worry.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most insulin today is synthetic (e.g., recombinant DNA technology), reducing disease transmission risks and addressing patient concerns about animal sources effectively.
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Which of the following drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease is not an anticholinergic?
- A. Donepezil
- B. Memantine
- C. Rivastigmine
- D. Galantamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist, not an anticholinesterase like the others.
A patient comes to the ER having his quadriceps muscle constantly contracted, you should give him:
- A. Norepinephrine to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
- B. An antagonist for Norepinephrine
- C. Agonist for acetylcholine
- D. Both B and C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Both B and C are correct: a norepinephrine antagonist (e.g., beta-blocker) or acetylcholine agonist (e.g., to relax via parasympathetic action) could relieve muscle contraction.
A 52-year-old overweight woman presents to the clinic for a diabetes management. She had not been doing well controlling her blood sugars with metformin. Her last hemoglobin A1c was 13.4%, despite her taking her medication every day. The physician decides to start her on a long-acting insulin that is injected only once a day for better glucose control. Also, he wants the insulin to have a minimal risk of hypoglycemia. What is the most likely medication given to this patient?
- A. Insulin aspart
- B. Insulin glargine
- C. Insulin lispro
- D. NPH insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin glargine is a long-acting, peakless insulin administered once daily, with a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to other insulins.
Patients with pheochromocytoma should avoid which of the following classes of drugs because of the possibility of developing hypertensive crisis?
- A. Expectorants
- B. Beta-2-agonists
- C. Antitussives
- D. Antihistamines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Beta-2-agonists can stimulate catecholamine release in pheochromocytoma, risking hypertensive crisis; other classes are safer.
Kelly has diarrhea and is wondering if she can take loperamide (Imodium) for the diarrhea. Loperamide:
- A. Can be given to patients of all ages, including infants and children, for viral gastroenteritis
- B. Slows gastric motility and reduces fluid and electrolyte loss from diarrhea
- C. Is the treatment of choice for the diarrhea associated with E. coli 0157
- D. May be used in pregnancy and by lactating women
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loperamide slows motility to reduce diarrhea; it's not for infants , E. coli 0157 (C, risks toxicity), or universally safe in pregnancy .