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A client with multiple sclerosis is observed transferring from the bed to a motorized wheelchair and applying splints to the lower extremities before entering the bathroom to perform morning self-care. What could the nurse conclude regarding this observation?
- A. The client uses assistive devices to optimize autonomy.
- B. The client needs instruction to conduct morning care before applying splints to lower extremities.
- C. The client is dependent upon assistive devices.
- D. The client is reliant upon assistive devices for independent.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The client's use of assistive devices demonstrates their ability to maintain independence and adapt to their physical limitations.
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One of the most common features of neurological disorders are Language deficits and are collectively known as
- A. Dysphasias
- B. Alogias
- C. Anomias
- D. Aphasias
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aphasia is a language disorder resulting from damage to the brain's language centers, typically in the left hemisphere. It affects the ability to produce or comprehend speech, read, or write. Aphasia can manifest in various forms, such as Broca's aphasia (difficulty speaking) or Wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding language). These deficits are common in neurological disorders like stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases.
Hyperventilation causes:
- A. an alkaline urine
- B. a fall in the plasma bicarbonate concentration
- C. increased cardiac output
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis, leading to alkaline urine, reduced plasma bicarbonate, and increased cardiac output due to decreased CO2 levels.
A 63-year-old patient with PD has done well on rasagiline 1 mg once a day and ropinirole 4 mg three times a day for several years. In the past, higher doses of ropinirole resulted in excessive drowsiness. He now needs more symptom relief. The best recommendation would be to:
- A. Add carbidopa/levodopa.
- B. Add entacapone.
- C. Add pramipexole.
- D. Consider DBS surgery.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adding carbidopa/levodopa can provide additional symptom relief without increasing the risk of drowsiness associated with higher doses of ropinirole.
A patient with a spinal cord injury has spinal shock. The nurse plans care for the patient based on what knowledge?
- A. Rehabilitation measures cannot be initiated until spinal shock has resolved.
- B. The patient will need continuous monitoring for hypotension, tachycardia, and hypoxemia.
- C. Resolution of spinal shock is manifested by spasticity, hyperreflexia, and reflex emptying of the bladder.
- D. The patient will have complete loss of motor and sensory functions below the level of the injury but autonomic functions are not affected.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Spinal shock resolves with the return of reflex activity.
One of the most important functions of the autonomic nervous system is the following:
- A. regulation of homeostasis
- B. voluntary movements
- C. coordination of movements
- D. involuntary movements
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regulation of homeostasis is the correct answer because the autonomic nervous system controls vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. These processes are essential for maintaining the body's internal balance and ensuring survival.