Nokea
A client's immune system has the ability to protect itself from external invaders. What type of immune function is present when this occurs?
- A. Immunosuppression
- B. Immunocompetence
- C. An immune response
- D. Immune incompatibility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The immune system is a collection of specialized white blood cells and lymphoid tissues that maintain immunocompetence, the ability to cooperatively protect a person from external invaders and the body's own altered cells. Immunosuppression is the opposite and the white blood cells and lymphoid tissue are not able to protect a person from external invaders. An immune response, primarily involves the lymphocytes that are located in blood and lymphoid tissue. Immune incompatibility is not relevant in this situation.
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A parent of a child who has been having frequent bouts of tonsillitis brings the child back to the clinic for another sore throat. The parent asks the nurse, 'What are tonsils good for anyway?' What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. They really do not have a function and should be removed.
- B. These tissues filter bacteria from tissue fluid.
- C. The tissue acts as an emergency reservoir of blood.
- D. The tissue removes blood and bacteria.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tonsils and adenoids filter bacteria from tissue fluid. Because they are exposed to pathogens in the oral cavity, they can become infected and locally inflamed. The spleen acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and removes blood and bacteria, not the tonsils.
An older adult client, who leads a sedentary lifestyle, and a younger client, who has a very stressful and active lifestyle, require a vaccine against a particular viral disorder. The nurse knows that in one of these clients, the vaccine will be less effective. In which client is the vaccine more likely to be less effective and why?
- A. The older client because of age
- B. The older client because of lifestyle
- C. The younger client because of age
- D. The younger client because of lifestyle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaccines are less effective in an older adult than in a younger adult because the activity of the immune system declines with the aging process. The lifestyle of the client does not have great implications on the effectiveness of a vaccine.
A client has had a kidney transplant performed for end-stage kidney disease. What type of immune response that T-cell lymphocytes perform is related to this type of surgery?
- A. Activation of the complement system
- B. Stimulation of colony-stimulating factors
- C. A cell-mediated response
- D. Naturally acquired active immunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A cell-mediated response occurs when T cells survey proteins in the body, actively analyze the surface features, and respond to those that differ from the host by directly attacking the invading antigen. An example of a cell-mediated response is one that occurs when an organ is transplanted. The complement system cooperates with antibodies to attract phagocytes and coat antigens to make them more recognizable for phagocytosis and stimulate inflammation and is not related to the surgery. Colony-stimulating factors prompt the bone marrow to produce, mature, and promote the functions of blood cells. Naturally acquired active immunity is a direct result of infection by a specific microorganism.
What type of immunoglobulin does the nurse recognize that promotes the release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamine when a client is having an allergic reaction?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgE promotes the release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamine and bradykinin in allergic, hypersensitivity, and inflammatory reactions. IgG neutralizes bacterial toxins and accelerates phagocytosis. IgA interferes with the entry of pathogens through exposed structures or pathways. IgM agglutinates antigens and lyses cell walls.
The nursing students are learning about the immune system in their anatomy and physiology class. What would these students learn is a component of the immune system?
- A. Stem cells
- B. Cytokines
- C. Lymphoid tissues
- D. Red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The immune system actually is a collection of specialized white blood cells and lymphoid tissues that cooperate to protect a person from external invaders and the body's own altered cells. The function of these structures is assisted and supported by the activities of natural killer cells, antibodies, and nonantibody proteins such as cytokines and the complement system. Red blood cells and stem cells are not part of the immune system.