Nokea
A combined Apgar score of __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
- A. less than 3
- B. 3 or 4
- C. 5 or 6
- D. 7 or better
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A combined Apgar score of 7 or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition. The Apgar score is a quick assessment of a newborn's overall health shortly after birth. It evaluates the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and color. A score of 7 or higher indicates that the baby is adjusting well to life outside the womb. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they represent scores that indicate the infant may need medical attention or assistance as they are below the threshold of 7 which signifies good physical condition.
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What did Ivan Pavlov discover?
- A. observational learning
- B. classical conditioning
- C. the ego's positive contributions to development
- D. the clinical method
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. This is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell, demonstrated this principle. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Pavlov's work primarily focused on classical conditioning, not observational learning, ego contributions to development, or the clinical method.
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
- A. Delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
- B. Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant
- C. Delivers nutrients and removes waste products
- D. Produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.' Amniotic fluid helps maintain a stable and warm environment for the developing organism, assisting in regulating the temperature. This fluid also acts as a cushion, protecting the fetus from physical harm. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while amniotic fluid provides protection and support to the developing organism, it does not directly deliver food, oxygen, nutrients, or remove waste products, nor does it produce blood cells as the organs eventually take over this function.
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.
- A. aspirin
- B. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- C. thalidomide
- D. isotretinoin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is a medication commonly used to treat severe acne, but it is a potent teratogen, meaning it can cause severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Aspirin (choice A) is not a widely used potent teratogen. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (choice B) was a known teratogen, but it is not currently widely used. Thalidomide (choice C) was another historical teratogen, but it is also not currently widely used. Therefore, isotretinoin is the most relevant answer as it is a commonly used medication that poses a high risk of birth defects if used during pregnancy.
Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?
- A. The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
- B. The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
- C. A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
- D. A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dr. Dias's research findings indicate a correlation between the death of a spouse and a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. This correlation suggests a relationship between the two variables, but it does not necessarily imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, the correct conclusion supported by this study is option B - 'The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.' Option A is too direct in its causation claim, which is not proven by correlation alone. Option C reverses the cause and effect relationship suggested by the research. Option D introduces an unrelated third variable, which is not supported by the study's findings.
What is the best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period?
- A. Colic
- B. Respiratory distress at birth
- C. Low birth weight
- D. Delayed language development
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is low birth weight. Smoking during pregnancy is a known teratogen that can lead to negative outcomes for the developing fetus, such as growth restrictions resulting in low birth weight. This condition can have significant long-term consequences on the child's health and development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are not the primary effect associated with smoking during the prenatal period. Colic is typically associated with digestive issues, respiratory distress at birth can be caused by various factors other than smoking, and delayed language development is not directly linked to smoking during pregnancy.