Nokea
A common collaborative problem related to both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is which potential complication?
- A. Seizures
- B. Paralysis
- C. Dysrhythmias
- D. Acute kidney injury
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia disrupt cardiac conduction, causing dysrhythmias due to their effects on myocardial cell membrane potentials.
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Anemia
- A. cancer of white blood cells
- B. results in extra leukocytes that do not function properly
- C. is usually fatal unless treated
- D. Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anemia is defined as having abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in symptoms such as fatigue and weakness. Choice A is incorrect because anemia is not related to cancer of white blood cells. Choice B is incorrect as anemia does not result in extra leukocytes; rather, it leads to a decrease in red blood cells. Choice C is incorrect as anemia is not usually fatal if treated promptly and effectively.
The immunoglobulin class which is the least abundant in the normal adult is
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgE
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, IgE. IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin in the normal adult because it is primarily involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections, leading to its lower baseline levels compared to other classes. IgG is the most abundant and provides long-term immunity. IgA is found in mucosal areas and secretions, crucial for local immunity. IgD functions primarily as a B cell receptor and its levels are relatively low in circulation. Therefore, IgE stands out as the least abundant in the normal adult due to its specialized role in immune responses.
An 18-year-old college student with an exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been receiving prednisone (Deltacone) 20 mg daily for 4 days. Which of these medical orders should you question?
- A. Discontinue prednisone after today’s dose.
- B. Administer first dose of varicella vaccine.
- C. Check patient’s C-reactive protein (CRP).
- D. Give ibuprofen (Advil) 800 mg every 6 hours.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The varicella vaccine is a live vaccine and should not be given to patients who are immunosuppressed such as those receiving prednisone. The other orders are appropriate for managing SLE and its symptoms.
What is the consequence of granzyme entering a target cell?
- A. Neutralization of toxins
- B. Activation of apoptosis pathways
- C. Inhibition of cytokine secretion
- D. Promotion of antigen presentation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granzyme entering a target cell activates apoptosis pathways by inducing cell death. Firstly, granzyme activates caspases leading to cell death. Secondly, it triggers DNA fragmentation and cell shrinkage. Lastly, it enhances membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. The other choices are incorrect because granzyme does not neutralize toxins, inhibit cytokine secretion, or promote antigen presentation within a target cell.
To provide free water and intracellular fluid hydration for a patient with acute gastroenteritis who is NPO, the nurse would expect administration of which infusion?
- A. Dextrose 5% in water
- B. Dextrose 10% in water
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. Dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: D5W provides free water without adding significant electrolytes, aiding intracellular hydration.