Nokea
A correct statement about shoulder dystocia is
- A. It is an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- B. It is an impaction of the posterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- C. Shoulder dystocia occurs due to compound presentation of the fetus
- D. Shoulder dystocia is not an emergency and resolves on its own effort gradually
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Shoulder dystocia is an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head because the anterior shoulder gets stuck behind the pubic symphysis during childbirth. This can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if not managed promptly.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Impaction of the posterior shoulder is not referred to as shoulder dystocia; it is the impaction of the anterior shoulder that causes the complication.
C: Shoulder dystocia is not caused by a compound presentation of the fetus, which refers to a situation where more than one fetal part presents at the maternal pelvis simultaneously.
D: Shoulder dystocia is indeed an emergency that requires immediate intervention, as delays can lead to birth injuries and complications. It does not resolve on its own and needs medical assistance.
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A correct statement denoting the purpose of vitamin K administration to neonates is
- A. All neonates need vitamin K to develop their own immunity
- B. Vitamin K prevents neonates from developing jaundice
- C. Vitamin K promotes the growth of normal GIT bacteria
- D. All neonates need vitamin K for activation of thrombokinase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All neonates need vitamin K for activation of thrombokinase. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, including thrombokinase, which plays a crucial role in blood clotting. In neonates, there is a deficiency of vitamin K due to limited transfer across the placenta and low levels in breast milk. Administering vitamin K at birth helps prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because vitamin K does not directly impact immunity, prevent jaundice, or promote normal gut bacteria growth in neonates.
Which one of the following is involved in the management of cord prolapse?
- A. Placing client on all fours position
- B. Application of fundal pressure
- C. Placing client on Trendelenburg position
- D. Labor augmentation using oxytocin regimen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Placing client on Trendelenburg position. This helps prevent compression of the cord by moving the presenting part off the cord. Placing the client on all fours (choice A) may worsen cord compression. Application of fundal pressure (choice B) is contraindicated as it can further compress the cord. Labor augmentation with oxytocin (choice D) is not indicated in cord prolapse management as it does not address the immediate risk to the fetus. Trendelenburg position is the recommended intervention to alleviate cord compression and improve fetal oxygenation.
An early sign of a ruptured uterus includes
- A. Maternal dehydration
- B. Maternal pyrexia >38˚C
- C. Maternal oliguria
- D. Failure of cervix to dilate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. A ruptured uterus can lead to fetal distress and necessitate a cesarean section. Failure of the cervix to dilate is indicative of a potential uterine rupture, as the uterus may not be able to contract effectively due to the rupture. Maternal dehydration (A), pyrexia (B), and oliguria (C) are not specific signs of a ruptured uterus and may be present in various other conditions. Therefore, failure of the cervix to dilate is the most relevant early sign in this scenario.
An oedematous swelling on the newborn’s scalp is indicative of
- A. Caput succedaneum
- B. Subgaleal hemorrhage
- C. Intracranial injury
- D. Neonatal cephalhematoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Caput succedaneum. This swelling is a result of pressure during birth and typically resolves on its own. Subgaleal hemorrhage involves bleeding into the potential space between the periosteum and skull, presenting as a boggy mass. Intracranial injury refers to damage within the skull, often due to trauma. Neonatal cephalhematoma is a subperiosteal collection of blood, causing a localized swelling. Caput succedaneum is the most likely diagnosis based on the description provided.
Homeopathy, music therapy, and hydrotherapy are among the
- A. Systemic methods of pain relief
- B. Regional analgesia methods of pain relief
- C. Inhalational analgesia method of pain relief
- D. Non-pharmacological methods of pain relief
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Non-pharmacological methods of pain relief. Homeopathy, music therapy, and hydrotherapy are all non-pharmacological approaches that do not involve the use of medication to manage pain. They focus on alternative techniques to alleviate pain, such as using natural remedies, music, or water-based therapies. These methods aim to address pain through holistic approaches that do not rely on traditional pharmaceutical interventions.
A: Systemic methods of pain relief typically involve medications that affect the entire body, such as opioids.
B: Regional analgesia methods target specific areas for pain relief, like nerve blocks.
C: Inhalational analgesia involves administering pain relief medications through inhalation, such as nitrous oxide.
In summary, the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the non-pharmacological nature of homeopathy, music therapy, and hydrotherapy in managing pain.