Nokea
The AGACNP knows that which of the following must be evaluated as a cause of her abdominal pain?
- A. HELLP syndrome
- B. Placental abruption
- C. Spontaneous hepatic rupture
- D. Preterm labor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: HELLP syndrome. This must be evaluated as a cause of abdominal pain in a pregnant patient because it is a serious condition characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. These abnormalities can lead to abdominal pain, especially in the right upper quadrant. Placental abruption (B) presents with vaginal bleeding and uterine tenderness, not specific abdominal pain. Spontaneous hepatic rupture (C) is rare and usually presents with sudden severe abdominal pain. Preterm labor (D) typically presents with regular uterine contractions and lower abdominal discomfort, not specific upper quadrant pain like in HELLP syndrome.
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Which one of the following is involved in the management of cord prolapse?
- A. Placing client on all fours position
- B. Application of fundal pressure
- C. Placing client on Trendelenburg position
- D. Labor augmentation using oxytocin regimen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Placing client on Trendelenburg position. This helps prevent compression of the cord by moving the presenting part off the cord. Placing the client on all fours (choice A) may worsen cord compression. Application of fundal pressure (choice B) is contraindicated as it can further compress the cord. Labor augmentation with oxytocin (choice D) is not indicated in cord prolapse management as it does not address the immediate risk to the fetus. Trendelenburg position is the recommended intervention to alleviate cord compression and improve fetal oxygenation.
A correct statement denoting the purpose of vitamin K administration to neonates is
- A. All neonates need vitamin K to develop their own immunity
- B. Vitamin K prevents neonates from developing jaundice
- C. Vitamin K promotes the growth of normal GIT bacteria
- D. All neonates need vitamin K for activation of thrombokinase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All neonates need vitamin K for activation of thrombokinase. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, including thrombokinase, which plays a crucial role in blood clotting. In neonates, there is a deficiency of vitamin K due to limited transfer across the placenta and low levels in breast milk. Administering vitamin K at birth helps prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because vitamin K does not directly impact immunity, prevent jaundice, or promote normal gut bacteria growth in neonates.
A correct statement about shoulder dystocia is
- A. It is an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- B. It is an impaction of the posterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- C. Shoulder dystocia occurs due to compound presentation of the fetus
- D. Shoulder dystocia is not an emergency and resolves on its own effort gradually
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Shoulder dystocia is an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head because the anterior shoulder gets stuck behind the pubic symphysis during childbirth. This can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if not managed promptly.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Impaction of the posterior shoulder is not referred to as shoulder dystocia; it is the impaction of the anterior shoulder that causes the complication.
C: Shoulder dystocia is not caused by a compound presentation of the fetus, which refers to a situation where more than one fetal part presents at the maternal pelvis simultaneously.
D: Shoulder dystocia is indeed an emergency that requires immediate intervention, as delays can lead to birth injuries and complications. It does not resolve on its own and needs medical assistance.
Presence of severe epigastric pain in preeclampsia is associated with hyperacidity.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. -
- D. -
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. In preeclampsia, epigastric pain is typically associated with liver and/or HELLP syndrome, not hyperacidity. Hyperacidity is more commonly seen in conditions like gastritis or peptic ulcers. Therefore, severe epigastric pain in preeclampsia is not related to hyperacidity. Other choices are not applicable as they do not provide relevant information to the question.
With respect to tumor nomenclature, the AGACNP knows that the term carcinoma describes
- A. Malignant neoplasms of internal structure
- B. Tumors that have lost normal growth regulation
- C. A dysfunctional metaplastic adaptation
- D. Neoplasms of epithelial origin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the term "carcinoma" specifically refers to neoplasms of epithelial origin. Epithelial cells line the surfaces and cavities of the body, so carcinomas originate from these tissues. This term does not describe internal structure (A), loss of growth regulation (B), or metaplastic adaptation (C). Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer and can occur in various organs such as the skin, lungs, breasts, and colon.