Nokea
The AGACNP recognizes that which of the following diagnostic studies is essential in all cases of acute abdomen?
- A. Abdominal radiograph
- B. Contrast radiography
- C. Chest radiography
- D. Ultrasonography
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chest radiography. In cases of acute abdomen, a chest radiograph is essential to rule out conditions like pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or pneumonia which may present with similar symptoms. This helps in identifying potential causes of abdominal pain outside the abdomen. Abdominal radiograph (A) may not provide enough information for diagnosis. Contrast radiography (B) and ultrasonography (D) are not universally essential for all cases of acute abdomen and may not be appropriate in certain situations.
You may also like to solve these questions
Achalasia is a risk factor for
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- C. Esophageal atrophy
- D. Malabsorption syndromes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by impaired esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. This dysfunction can lead to stagnant food in the esophagus, causing regurgitation and increased intra-esophageal pressure, which can trigger GERD. Squamous cell carcinoma (choice A) is not directly linked to achalasia. Esophageal atrophy (choice C) is not a typical consequence of achalasia. Malabsorption syndromes (choice D) are not directly associated with achalasia.
ed rosy appearance on the face and greatly reduced eliminations are among the features of
- A. Hypothermia neonatorum
- B. Hypoglycemia neonatorum
- C. Hyperthermia neonatorum
- D. Hypocalcemia neonatorum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct:
1. Hyperthermia neonatorum refers to elevated body temperature in newborns.
2. The ed rosy appearance on the face is a common symptom of hyperthermia due to increased blood flow to the skin.
3. Greatly reduced eliminations can be a sign of dehydration associated with hyperthermia.
4. The other choices (hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia) do not align with the symptoms described.
The term used to describe the situation whereby there is the presence of more than one part of the fetus on the pelvic brim at the onset of labor is
- A. Unstable lie
- B. Fetal malpresentation
- C. Fetal malposition
- D. Compound presentation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Compound presentation. This term refers to the situation where there is more than one part of the fetus on the pelvic brim at the onset of labor. This can include a hand or arm alongside the head or another body part. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Unstable lie refers to the fetus being in a transverse position. B: Fetal malpresentation indicates an abnormal presentation of the fetus, such as breech or transverse. C: Fetal malposition refers to the fetus being in a suboptimal position, like occiput posterior. Thus, the best choice is D as it specifically describes the scenario of multiple fetal parts on the pelvic brim.
P. T. is a 58-year-old female who is admitted with chest pain and shortness of breath and is found to have a large pulmonary embolus. Her systolic blood pressure is falling, and a diagnosis of obstructive shock is made. Cardiac pressure would likely demonstrate
- A. Elevated atrial and decreased ventricular pressures
- B. Elevated right-sided and decreased left-sided pressures
- C. Elevated left ventricular pressure and decreased cardiac output
- D. Elevated left ventricular pressure and decreased systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in obstructive shock due to a large pulmonary embolus, there is increased resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle, leading to elevated right ventricular pressure. This causes a backup of blood into the pulmonary circulation, increasing left ventricular pressure. The increased left ventricular pressure results in decreased cardiac output as the left ventricle struggles to pump against the increased resistance.
A: Elevated atrial and decreased ventricular pressures - This is incorrect as obstructive shock typically results in elevated ventricular pressures due to increased resistance.
B: Elevated right-sided and decreased left-sided pressures - This is partially true, but C is a more complete answer that explains the consequences of these pressures on cardiac output.
D: Elevated left ventricular pressure and decreased systemic vascular resistance - This is incorrect as obstructive shock leads to increased, not decreased, systemic vascular resistance due to the embolus obstructing blood flow.
Five (5) major factors predisposed to uterine rupture:
- A. Previous C-section, uterine scars, fetal macrosomia, trauma, prolonged labor
- B. Malpresentation, premature rupture of membranes, obesity, malnutrition, anemia
- C. Uterine fibroids, excessive weight gain, smoking, poor prenatal care
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A):
1. Previous C-section and uterine scars weaken the uterine wall.
2. Fetal macrosomia (large baby) increases pressure on the uterus.
3. Trauma can cause direct injury to the uterus.
4. Prolonged labor can lead to uterine overdistension and fatigue, increasing rupture risk.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Malpresentation, premature rupture of membranes, obesity, malnutrition, anemia are not direct factors for uterine rupture.
C: Uterine fibroids, excessive weight gain, smoking, poor prenatal care can contribute to complications but not primary causes of uterine rupture.
D: Not all factors in choices B and C are predisposing factors for uterine rupture, making this choice incorrect.