Nokea
A cytokine essential for clonal expansion of T cells is
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-2
- C. IL4
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-2. IL-2 is essential for the clonal expansion of T cells as it promotes T cell proliferation. It is produced by activated T cells themselves and plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. IL-1 is involved in inflammation, not T cell expansion. IL-4 is important for Th2 cell differentiation, while IL-5 is critical for eosinophil activation. In summary, IL-2 specifically promotes T cell clonal expansion, making it the correct choice in this context.
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What condition is associated with C1q deficiency?
- A. Cancer
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. HIV/AIDS
- D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: C1q is a component of the classical complement pathway, crucial for immune complex clearance. Its deficiency is associated with SLE due to impaired immune complex removal, leading to autoantibody deposition and inflammation. Cancer, HIV/AIDS, and COPD are not directly linked to C1q deficiency.
A 21-year-old patient says no one in his family has type 1 diabetes mellitus but he has had it since childhood. He asks how his diabetes was transmitted to him. The nurse should explain to him that this disease is
- A. a single gene disorder
- B. a chromosome disorder
- C. an acquired genetic disorder
- D. a multifactorial genetic disorder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is considered a multifactorial genetic disorder influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors rather than being caused by a single gene or chromosome.
What are the three main principles of adaptive immunity?
- A. Respond, Replace, Repair
- B. Recognize, Respond, Remember
- C. Resist, Retain, Recruit
- D. React, Replicate, Restore
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The three main principles of adaptive immunity are Recognize, Respond, Remember.
1. Recognize: Immune system identifies specific pathogens through antigen recognition.
2. Respond: Immune response is triggered to eliminate the pathogen.
3. Remember: Immune system forms memory cells for faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Other options are incorrect:
A: Respond, Replace, Repair - Incorrect as it does not reflect the key processes of adaptive immunity.
C: Resist, Retain, Recruit - Incorrect as these terms do not accurately describe the adaptive immune response.
D: React, Replicate, Restore - Incorrect as it does not encompass the essential principles of adaptive immunity.
The nurse realizes that the patient understands the teaching about decreasing the risk for antibiotic-resistant infection when the patient says which of the following?
- A. I know I should take the antibiotic for one day after I feel better.
- B. I want an antibiotic ordered for my cold so I can feel better sooner.
- C. I always save some pills because I get the illness again after I first feel better.
- D. I will follow the directions for taking the antibiotic so I will get over this infection.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Following the prescribed regimen ensures complete eradication of the infection and reduces the risk of resistance development.
What is hyperkalemia frequently associated with?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Decreased urine potassium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis increases hydrogen ion exchange for potassium in cells, releasing potassium into the bloodstream and causing hyperkalemia.