Nokea
The precursor of IL-1β is processed to its active form by
- A. Pro-caspase 1
- B. Caspase 1
- C. Procaspase 8
- D. Caspase 8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Caspase 1. Caspase 1 is responsible for the cleavage of pro-IL-1β into its active form IL-1β. This process involves the activation of Caspase 1 by various inflammasomes upon sensing danger signals. Pro-caspase 1 (Choice A) is the inactive precursor form of Caspase 1 and is not involved in processing IL-1β. Procaspase 8 (Choice C) and Caspase 8 (Choice D) are part of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and are not directly involved in the processing of IL-1β. Therefore, the correct choice is Caspase 1 as it specifically cleaves pro-IL-1β to its active form.
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What condition is associated with C1q deficiency?
- A. Cancer
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. HIV/AIDS
- D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: C1q is a component of the classical complement pathway, crucial for immune complex clearance. Its deficiency is associated with SLE due to impaired immune complex removal, leading to autoantibody deposition and inflammation. Cancer, HIV/AIDS, and COPD are not directly linked to C1q deficiency.
If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to
- A. be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis.
- B. be replicating nearly continuously.
- C. have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription.
- D. induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because methylation of DNA typically results in the inhibition or slowing down of transcription. Methylated DNA attracts proteins that bind to it, preventing transcription factors from accessing the DNA and initiating transcription. This interference with the transcription process leads to gene silencing or reduced gene expression.
A: DNA unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis is unrelated to DNA methylation.
B: Continuous replication is not a typical consequence of DNA methylation.
D: Methylation does not directly induce protein synthesis but rather affects transcription by influencing gene expression.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs with rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis?
- A. Type I or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type II or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type IV or delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, leading to inflammation, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- A. Located outside the CNS
- B. Consists of Nerves and Ganglia
- C. Brain & Spinal cord
- D. A& b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes nerves and ganglia, making choice B correct.
2. PNS is located outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), supporting choice A.
3. Since both A and B are accurate statements, the correct answer is D.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the PNS is located outside the CNS.
- Choice B is correct as the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.
- Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord).
What is the role of innate immunity in relation to adaptive immunity?
- A. It suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. It instructs and activates adaptive immunity
- C. It replaces adaptive immunity during infections
- D. It functions independently of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immunity instructs and activates adaptive immunity. Innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and initiating a response to pathogens. It then communicates with adaptive immunity, providing signals and antigens to activate and guide the adaptive immune response. This collaboration is crucial for the effective elimination of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress, replace, or function independently of adaptive immunity; rather, they work together in a coordinated manner to provide a comprehensive immune response.