Nokea
You are working in an AIDS hospice facility that is also staffed with LPNs and nursing assistants. Which of these nursing actions is best to delegate to an LPN you are supervising?
- A. Assess patients’ nutritional needs and individualize diet plans to improve nutrition.
- B. Collect data about the patients’ response to medications used for pain and anorexia.
- C. Teach the nursing assistants about how to lower the risk for spreading infections.
- D. Assist patients with personal hygiene and other activities of daily living as needed.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LPNs are trained to collect data and monitor patients’ responses to medications which is within their scope of practice. Assessing nutritional needs and teaching about infection control are more complex tasks that typically require the expertise of an RN. Assisting with personal hygiene is usually delegated to nursing assistants.
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What determines a cell's response to a specific cytokine?
- A. The amount of antigen present
- B. The type of pathogen encountered
- C. The specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell
- D. The tissue location of the immune cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a cell's response to a specific cytokine is determined by the specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell. Cytokine receptors are proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific cytokines, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that lead to various cellular responses. The amount of antigen present (A) is related to the initiation of the immune response but not the cell's response to cytokines. The type of pathogen encountered (B) may influence the overall immune response but not the specific response to cytokines. The tissue location of the immune cell (D) can affect the types of cytokines present in the microenvironment but does not directly determine the cell's response to a specific cytokine.
Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells
- A. Found in tissues
- B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
- C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
- D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.
Which of the following are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues?
- A. naïve lymphocytes
- B. Hematopoietic stem cells
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Hematopoietic stem cells are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues because they are located in the bone marrow where they give rise to various blood cells. In contrast, secondary lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes and spleen primarily consist of mature immune cells and support immune responses. Naïve lymphocytes (A), dendritic cells (C), and antigens (D) are commonly found in secondary lymphoid tissues as they play crucial roles in the immune response.
The nurse is preparing an injection for an individual who requires passive immunity. In which situation would passive immunity be indicated?
- A. For permanent immunity against a disease
- B. To overcome an allergic reaction that is relatively mild
- C. To have ready-made antibodies after an exposure to pathogens
- D. As a booster dose to stimulate the production of specific antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunity is indicated when an individual needs immediate protection with ready-made antibodies after exposure to pathogens. This is the correct answer (C) as it provides immediate defense without waiting for the body to produce its antibodies. Choice A is incorrect because passive immunity is temporary, not permanent. Choice B is incorrect as it addresses treating allergic reactions, not providing immunity. Choice D is incorrect as a booster dose stimulates the body to produce its antibodies, not providing ready-made antibodies.
Which hypersensitivity type is mediated by T cells?
- A. Type I
- B. Type II
- C. Type III
- D. Type IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Type IV hypersensitivity. This type is mediated by T cells, specifically CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The process involves antigen-presenting cells activating T cells, leading to a delayed response. Choices A, B, and C involve different mechanisms and are not mediated by T cells. Type I is mediated by IgE antibodies, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell destruction, and Type III involves immune complex deposition. Therefore, Type IV is the only hypersensitivity type directly mediated by T cells.