Nokea
A disease that is generally present in a given population is:
- A. pandemic
- B. epidemic
- C. sporadic
- D. endemic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: endemic. Endemic refers to a disease that is consistently present in a particular population or region at a relatively stable level. This means the disease is always present in that specific area. Pandemic (A) refers to a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents. Epidemic (B) refers to a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population. Sporadic (C) refers to occasional cases of a disease occurring irregularly in a population. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it specifically describes a disease that is generally present in a given population.
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Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis. This bacterium has unique cell wall components that make it resistant to the body's immune defenses, allowing it to survive and multiply within the host. Streptococcus pyogenes (Choice A), Escherichia coli (Choice C), and Bacillus anthracis (Choice D) are not associated with tuberculosis. Streptococcus pyogenes is known for causing strep throat and skin infections, Escherichia coli is commonly involved in gastrointestinal infections, and Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax.
A sputum smear stained by Gram's method revealed Gram-positive cocci in clusters. The patient presented with an abscess. What is the causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Streptococcus pyogenes
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Micrococcus luteus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that commonly presents as cocci in clusters. It is a known causative agent of abscesses due to its ability to produce enzymes and toxins that contribute to tissue destruction. In this case, the presence of Gram-positive cocci in clusters aligns with the characteristic morphology of Staphylococcus aureus.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically presents as cocci in chains, not clusters. It is more commonly associated with pharyngitis and skin infections rather than abscesses.
C: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically presents as cocci in pairs or short chains, not clusters. It is more commonly associated with urinary tract infections and endocarditis.
D: Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically presents as t
Which structure in bacteria allows them to exchange genetic material during conjugation?
- A. Pili
- B. Flagella
- C. Capsule
- D. Ribosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pili in bacteria are responsible for conjugation, allowing the transfer of genetic material between cells. They form a bridge between donor and recipient cells, facilitating the exchange of DNA. Flagella are for movement, capsules for protection, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Pili is the only structure directly involved in genetic material exchange.
The antigen receptors on the surface of B-lymphocytes are made by proteins:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. B-lymphocyte antigen receptors are made by proteins called immunoglobulins. These proteins are essential for recognizing and binding to specific antigens. They play a crucial role in the immune response. Choice B is incorrect because B-lymphocyte antigen receptors are indeed made by proteins. Choice C is incorrect as well because in this case, the correct answer is that the receptors are made by proteins. Choice D is also incorrect as the receptors are made by proteins.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with causing bacterial meningitis?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are all bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis commonly causes meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae can cause H. influenzae type b meningitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to be causative agents of bacterial meningitis. The other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis.